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Geography > Agriculture I & II > Flashcards

Agriculture I & II Flashcards

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1
Q

define agriculture

A

the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock

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2
Q

why is agriculture the mainstay and backbone of india’s economy?

A
  1. provides food for expanding population and fodder for livestock
  2. generates working capital for non agricultural development, supplies raw material for agro-based industries
  3. provides a large part of the market with industrial goods
  4. accounts for substantial portion of India’s exports
  5. provides employment
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3
Q

environmental problems for agriculture

A
  1. unreliable rainfall
  2. lack of irrigation
  3. soil erosion
  4. methods of cultivation
  5. demand for food crops
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4
Q

why is india’s agricultural productivity low when it comes to methods?

A

old inefficient methods
bad techniques of farming
inadequate irrigation
inability of farmers to buy good quality seeds

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5
Q

what is reduction in net sown area

A

gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to fruits, vegetables, oil seeds and industrial crops. reduction of net sown area under cereals and pulses

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6
Q

institutional problems with agriculture

A
  1. small and fragmented landholdings, poor owners
  2. exploitation of farmers
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7
Q

economic problems with agriculture

A
  1. subsistence agriculture
  2. human elements
  3. challenges posed by globalisation
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8
Q

why are indian farmers facing challenge from international competition?

A
  1. cost of production of crops is increasing because of government’s reduction of subsidy of fertilizers
  2. reduction of import duty on agricultural products have proved detrimental to farmers
  3. cost of agricultural crops in india is increasing, and decreasing internationally
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9
Q

technological problems with agriculture

A

old and inefficient techniques

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10
Q

define green revolution

A

greatest revolution in the country which helped to transform the economy from food scarcity to food self sufficiency

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11
Q

key elements to green revolution

A
  1. large capital and modern technological input
  2. using HYV seeds
  3. proper use of chemical fertilizers
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12
Q

impact of green revolution on india’s agriculture

A
  1. increased rural prosperity
  2. enabled indian agriculture to change from subsistence to market oriented
  3. adoption of new technology created more employment opportunities
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13
Q

methods OTHER THAN the green revolution used to improve agriculture in India

A
  1. consolidation of fragmented agricultural land
  2. creation of irrigation infrastructure
  3. minimum support prices for agricultural crops
  4. government started Kisan Call Centres (FTAs)
  5. subsidy on fertilizers
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14
Q

types of farming in india

A
  1. subsistence
  2. commercial
  3. shifting
  4. intensive
  5. extensive
  6. mixed
  7. plantation
  8. organic
  9. cooperative
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15
Q

features of subsistence farming

A
  1. landholdings are small and scattered
  2. farmers use traditional methods of agriculture
  3. depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of soil
  4. output is not high, only enough for families
  5. dominance of food crops and there is never a surplus in markets
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16
Q

features of commercial farming

A
  1. crops grown for sale
  2. large farms
  3. mechanised farming
  4. prevalent in areas where farms are large and market economy is well developed
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17
Q

why is shifting agriculture AKA slash and burn method

A

it is a primitive agricultural practice in which a patch of forest is cleared, trees are felled, and stumps are set on fire

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18
Q

why is shifting agriculture called so

A

because of continuous burning and growing on the same land, soil fertility is exhausted, and farmers have to move

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19
Q

why is shifting agriculture banned/ disadvantages

A
  1. air pollution
  2. loss of soil fertility
  3. no advanced technology is used
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20
Q

define intercropping, and why it is used instead of shifting agriculture

A

intercropping refers to the practice of growing two or more crops next to each other at the same time in a way that they do not compete with each other for space, nutrients, water, and sunlight

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21
Q

features of intensive farming

A
  1. small farms are intensively cultivated
  2. labour intensive system
  3. more than one crop is cultivated on the same field
  4. to increase output, manure and good quality seeds are used
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22
Q

main features of extensive farming

A
  1. farms are huge in size
  2. machines used
  3. highly capital intensive
  4. crop yield is high
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23
Q

define plantations

A

large tracts of lands or estates used for cultivation of a single agricultural crop like tea, coffee, rubber, or spices

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24
Q

main features of plantation farming

A
  1. commercial crops are grown for sale
  2. one crop is cultivated using modern scientific methods
  3. chemical fertilizers, insecticides used extensively
  4. large tract of land, using extensive use of fertilizers
  5. modern methods
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25
Q

advantage of mixed farming

A

provide steady income for farmers, because if one crop fails, the ones can provide income
fertility of soil is maintained

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26
Q

features of mixed farming

A
  1. crops and animals raised simultaneously
  2. two or more crops are grown together
  3. rotation of crops
  4. ensures steady income
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27
Q

define organic farming

A

holistic system of farming, primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way as to keep the soil alive and in good health

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28
Q

features of organic farming

A
  1. protects long term fertility of soil
  2. provides crop nutrients
  3. provides attention and care to managing livestock
  4. maintains nitrogen in soil through use of legumes and biological nitrogen fixation
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29
Q

importance of organic farming

A
  1. promotes use of crop rotations and cover crops
  2. residues and nutrients recycled back to the soil; maintains fertility
  3. preventative insect and disease control methods and practiced
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30
Q

define cooperative farming

A

organisation of farmers where they pool their resources in certain areas of activity

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31
Q

advantages of cooperative farming

A
  1. allows small farmers to pool together their resources and buy inputs at bulk rates
  2. enables produces to negotiate for better prices, diffuse risks, share knowledge
  3. improves quality of life for member farmers (take time off, care for children)
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32
Q

Kharif crops

A
  1. sowing: june-july
  2. harvesting: sept- oct
  3. crops: rice, maize, jowar, bajra, ragi
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33
Q

rabi crops

A
  1. sowing: oct- nov
  2. harvesting: march- april
  3. crops: wheat, barley, gram, linseed
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34
Q

zayad kharif crops

A
  1. sowing: aug- sept
  2. harvest: dec- jan
  3. crops: oilseeds
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35
Q

zayad rabi crops

A
  1. sowing: feb- march
  2. harvest: april- may
  3. crops: jowar, maize, summer veggies
36
Q

define cereals

A

denotes all kinds of grass-like plants, which have starchy, edible seeds (rice, wheat, barley, rye, oats, millets)

37
Q

types of rice

A
  1. upland rice
  2. lowland rice
38
Q

upland rice

A
  1. grown on mountainous regions
  2. sown in march-april, and september-october
  3. depends on distribution of rainfall only
  4. used locally
39
Q

lowland rice

A
  1. grown in low-lying regions
  2. sown in june, harvested in oct
  3. requires plenty of water during the sowing and harvesting process
  4. used for local consumption and supplied to other regions
40
Q

methods of cultivation of rice

A
  1. dry
  2. puddled
41
Q

diff between dry and puddled methods

A

dry: areas which depend on rain, no supplementary irrigation, seeds are sown in rows by drills where rain is heavy and scattered by hand where rainfall is less

puddled: areas that have adequate water supply, land ploughed thoroughly and filled with 5 cm of standing water, water is maintained until seedlings are well established

42
Q

steps followed for rice cultivation

A
  1. sowing
  2. transplantation
  3. harvesting
  4. processing
43
Q

methods of sowing rice

A
  1. broadcasting (seeds scattered after ploughing)
  2. drilling (seeds are sown in furrows with the help of drills)
  3. dibbling (dibber is used to plant seed by creating a hole in the ground)
44
Q

define transplantation

A

seedlings are first grown in nurseries and after four to five weeks when saplings attain 25-30 cm of height they are transplanted into prepared rice fields

45
Q

advantages of transplantation

A
  1. only healthy plants are picked
  2. less wastage of seeds as compared to broadcasting method
  3. higher yield
46
Q

why does transplantation require more labour

A

selection of good quality crops require human judgement

47
Q

japanese method

A

improved form of transplantation
HYV seeds called japonica is used
1. seedlings prepared in nurseries
2. rows of plants are fixed at a distance of 25 cm
3. manure used extensively
4. japonica seeds give higher yield

48
Q

why are rows of plants fixed at distance of 25 cm in japanese methods

A

so plants have enough space to grow

49
Q

processes under harvesting

A
  1. threshing
  2. winnowing
  3. milling
50
Q

define threshing

A

threshing is done by beating the sheaves against the wooden bars. the grains are separated from the stalks, to minimise cost of transportation

51
Q

define winnowing

A

removing unwanted husk from the grains

52
Q

define milling

A

done to remove the yellowish husk from the grains.

53
Q

modern milling

A

done by machines.
rice has glossy texture but lacks nutrition, as most of it is lost due to excessive rubbing
polished rice is graded and stored in sacks

54
Q

why is wheat mostly grown in great plains during the cold weather season?

A

winter rain occurring in the north is beneficial for wheat

55
Q

why is wheat not cultivated in west bengal and extreme south?

A

high heat
excessive rainfall

56
Q

bread wheat is AKA

A

triticum aestivum (on alluvial soils)

57
Q

macaroni wheat AKA

A

triticum durum (on black soils)

58
Q

where does TRITICUM DICOCCUM grow

A

red soils of nilgiri hills

59
Q

methods of sowing wheat

A

drilling or broadcasting

60
Q

define millets

A

a number of inferior grains like jowar, bajra, and ragi, which serve as the food grains for poorer sections of society

61
Q

why are millets food grains for the poor

A
  1. highly nutritious (iron, zinc, calcium)
  2. easily digestible
  3. cheap cultivation
62
Q

largest producer of millets

A

India

63
Q

conditions for growing millets

A
  1. soil is infertile
  2. rocky or sandy soil
64
Q

method of cultivation of jowar

A

soil management before sowing plays an important role in the dry farming areas. seeds are sown using broadcast method, dibbled in some areas.

65
Q

jowar aka

A

great millet/ sorghum

66
Q

bajra aka

A

bulrush millet

67
Q

ragi aka

A

buckwheat

68
Q

why is ragi one of the hardiest crops

A

because it can grow under conditions of very low rainfall, can withstand severe drought

69
Q

why is yield of ragi higher than other millets

A

ragi needs lower inputs and attention than most other food crops

70
Q

method of cultivation of ragi

A

seeds sown by broadcast method , or by drills, or transplantation

71
Q

temp for rice

A

16- 20 (flowering)
18-32 (ripening)

72
Q

rainfall for rice

A

150-300 cm

73
Q

soil for rice

A

clayey or loamy

74
Q

distribution of rice

A

WB, punjab, UP

75
Q

temp for wheat

A

10-15 (sowing)
20-25 (harvest)

76
Q

rainfall for wheat

A

80 cm

77
Q

soil needed for wheat

A

well drained loams
clay loams

78
Q

distribution of wheat

A

punjab
haryana
UP
rajasthan
MP

79
Q

why is wheat found in punjab, haryana, up, etc

A
  1. western disturbances
  2. flat land
  3. inland alluvium soil
80
Q

why are pulses good for those who consume starchy vegetarian diet

A

pulses provide vegetable protein

81
Q

why are pulses rotated with other crops to maintain or restore soil fertility

A

being leguminous, they fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and increase natural fertility

82
Q

temp for pulses

A

20-25

83
Q

rain for pulses

A

50-75

84
Q

soil for pulses

A

dry, light soil

85
Q

largest producer and consumer of pulses

A

india

86
Q

distribution of pulses

A

MP
maharashtra
UP
rajasthan
AP

Geography (13 decks)

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