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Agriculture III & IV Flashcards

1
Q

define cash crops

A

primarily grown for sale and not only for use by the grower and his family

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2
Q

define sugarcane

A

a member of the grass family and is a tall tropical variety with a hard, thick stem, which grows to a height of 3.5 m or more. sugar is stored in the stem

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3
Q

types of sugarcane

A

gur
khandasari

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4
Q

india’s production of sugarcane

A

largest value of production amongst all commercial crops.
india stands next to brazil in production

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5
Q

why is man made irrigation required for sugarcane

A

sucrose content decreases is heavy rains continue
rainfall deficiency causes a fibrous crop

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6
Q

why is sugarcane’s soil supplemented with manures and fertilizers

A

sugarcane exhausts the fertility of soil

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7
Q

methods of sowing sugarcane

A
  1. sett method
  2. ratooning
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8
Q

define sett method

A

new canes are planted by taking cuttings from old plants. these cuttings AKA setts, quickly become established and after some days, buds sprout to form new stalks.

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9
Q

define ratooning

A

during the first harvest the sugarcane is cut leaving a little bit of the stalk in the soil with roots. stalk soon puts out new shoots or RATOONS

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10
Q

advantages of ratooning

A
  1. crop does not need to be planted again, saves labour
  2. ratoon matures early
  3. method is cheaper as it does not involve any extra inputs
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11
Q

disadvantages of ratooning

A
  1. yield is of thinner canes with lower sucrose content
  2. there is more risk of pests and diseases
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12
Q

why is sugarcane harvested before winters

A

to protect it from frost. crop is cut by hand or using a long curve knife

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13
Q

why are sugarcane stalks cut near the ground

A

highest sucrose content

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14
Q

why are sugarcanes processed withing 24 hours of harvesting

A

to preserve sugar content

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15
Q

main areas of sugarcane production in india

A
  1. sutlej-ganga plain from punjab to bihar
  2. black soil area from maharashtra to TN
  3. coastal AP and Krishna valley
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16
Q

why does sugarcane grow in sutlej-ganga plain

A

fertile alluvium which is renewed every year by numerous mountain streams flowing in this area
high temperatures and rainfall
high water level enabling easy irrigation

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17
Q

why does south india have better yield of sugarcane

A

favourable maritime climate free from effects of summer loo and winter frost
sufficient irrigation
new farming techniques

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18
Q

problems for sugarcane cultivators

A
  1. soil exhausting crop and cost of fertilisers increases cost of production
  2. farms are far from the mills
  3. cost of transport increases cost of production
  4. crop is annual, and farmers are unable to cultivate any other crop
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19
Q

solution to sugarcane’s problem of soil exhaustion

A

crop rotation

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20
Q

edible and non edible oilseeds

A

groundnut, mustard,
linseed, cotton seeds, castor (NE)

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21
Q

uses of oilseeds

A

making paints, varnishes, hydrogenated oil, soaps

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22
Q

define oilcake

A

residue left after the extraction of oil from the oilseeds is used as fodder for animals and also manure in fields

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23
Q

climatic conditions for groundnut

A
  1. susceptible to frost
  2. tropical and subtropical climates
  3. temp: 20-25
  4. rain: 50-100 cm
  5. soil: well drained black soil, sandy loams
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24
Q

harmful climate for groundnuts

A

prolonged drought
continuous rains
stagnant water
frost

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25
uses of groundnut
1. hydrogenated oil 2. margarine 3. medical emulsions 4. soap
26
leading producer of groundnuts in India
gujarat
27
distribution of groundnuts
gujarat telangana TN
28
uses of mustard
1. cooking medium 2. oilcake is cattle feed 3. leaves (sarson) are used as veggies 4. manure
29
why is mustard grown in sutlej-ganga plain and not in states of peninsular india
thrives only in cool climate
30
climatic conditions of mustard
1. temp: 10-20 C 2. rain: 25-40 cm 3. soil: heavier soil, loams
31
distribution of mustard
UP rajasthan punjab MP haryana
32
uses of soya bean
1. high protein content 2. may be eaten as a vegetable or made into soya sauce 3. substitute for animal protein 4. soya milk or tofu
33
precaution while sowing soya bean
time-lag between the sowing time and onset of heavy rainfall adversely affects germination of soya bean seeds
34
climatic conditions of soya bean seeds
1. temp: 13-24 C 2. rain: 40-60 cm 3. soil: friable loamy, acidic
35
distribution of soya bean
MP rajasthan maharashtra
36
harmful climate for cotton
1. temp below 20 C leads to reduction in root growth, retards plant growth 2. frost 3. rain more than 85 cm 4. rain during boll opening and harvesting periods (pests and diseases)
37
why is manure used for cotton
exhausts soil fertility rapidly
38
stages of processing of cotton
1. it is ginned 2. lint are washed and combed to form a rope like mass of fibres known as sliver 3. sliver is fed to spindles and spun to make yarn 4. seeds are crushed to yield oil, used as cattle fodder
39
define sliver
lint are washed and combed to form a rope like mass of fibres known as sliver
40
define ginning
the process used to separate the fibres or lint from the cotton seeds and the short fibres or lint which adhere to them
41
stages of ginning
1. cotton goes through driers to reduce moisture 2. cleaning equipment to remove foreign matter 3. air conveyed to gin stands where its circular saws pull lint through closely spaced ribs that prevent seed from passing through 4. lint removed from saw teeth by rotating brushes and compressed into bales
42
varieties of cotton
1. superior long staple 2. long staple 3. superior medium staple 4. medium staple 5. short staple
43
superior long staple
longer than 27 mm 33% of total production in india
44
long staple
24.5 mm- 26 mm long, fine, shiny fine and superior quality cloth grown in punjab, haryana
45
superior medium staple
20-24 mm 37% of india's output in rajasthan, punjab, TN
46
medium staple
20-21.5 mm long 9% of total output in india
47
short staple
smaller than 19 mm in UP, AP, rajasthan
48
main distribution of cotton
1. NW deccan on fertile black cotton soils 2. central and southern deccan of karnataka and TN 3. upper ganga valley
49
why is cotton found in black cotton soils of deccan?
1. black soil 2. irrigation facility
50
jute is obtained from inner bark of which two species
1. corchorus capsularis (white jute) 2. corchorus olitorius (tossa jute)
51
diff between white jute and tossa jute
white: 75% of total area, hardy, highly adaptable, grows well on lowlands and uplands tossa: 25% of land, only on uplands (averse to flooding), rough quality cloth and sacks
52
uses of jute
rough quality cloth sacks carpets, rugs, twine upholstery, tarpaulins
53
why is jute called golden fibre
1. provides huge revenue to government 2. golden colour
54
substitute for jute
mesta: more coarse, not as strong. used to make bags for rough use can withstand drought conditions
55
process of retting
when plants are at the height of 2-4 m and mature, they are cut, bundled and put in ponds for retting after 20-25 days, the bark is peeled from the plant by hand and fibre is removed from the pith. it is rinsed, washed, dried, and pressed into bales
56
define retting
jute is dried, stripped of unwanted leaves, put in water and allowed to rot
57
why is jute grown in ganga-brahmaputra delta of WB
hot damp climate alluvial, loamy soils t
58
climatic conditions for cotton
1. temp: 21-30, but not below 20 2. rain: 50-75 cm 3. soil: deep black soil
59
distribution of cotton
gujarat, andhra, punjab
60
climatic conditions of jute
1. temp: 24-35 C 2. rain: 150 cm, 90% RH 3. soil: light sandy or clayey
61
distribution of jute
west bengal bihar assam odisha
62
properties of tea
unique taste tranquiliser mild stimulant
63
why is tea and coffee grown on hill slopes
to avoid waterlogging, and protect plant from annual inundations
64
trees which provide shade to tea
silver oak tree
65
methods of cultivation of tea
1. from seeds 2. from cuttings
66
define clonal planting
growing tea shrubs in nurseries from cuttings, and then transplanting to tea garden
67
advantages of clonal planting
1. high quality yield 2. better yield as plant has all qualities of mother plant
68
why is tea picking done by women
1. patience and judgement 2. better pickers 3. flexible fingers 4. employed at cheaper rates
69
types of tea
1. black tea 2. green tea 3. oolong tea 4. brick tea
70
steps in processing of black tea
1. withering: gathered leaves are gathered or dried in sun to EXTRACT MOISTURE 2. rolling: rolled mechanically between steel rollers to break up fibres 3. fermentation: leaves ferment, reduces amount of tannic acid in tea by half without impairing flavour 4. drying: roasting and drying leaves until they are black 5. blending: blend various grades of tea to give it a special aroma 6. packing: aluminium foil packet to preserve flavour and reduce chance of damping
71
preparation of green tea
picked leaves are roasted over hot iron pans and later rolled no fermentation leaves remain green even when dried, graded, packed
72
properties of green tea
highly flavoured strong stimulants because of more tannic acid
73
oolong tea
greenish-brown prepared by partially drying and fermenting leaves
74
brick tea
inferior quality of tea coarser leaves, stems, tea dust, compressed into rectangular blocks
75
why is tea grown in assam
hill slope heavy rain
76
largest producer of tea
assam
77
main areas of tea in assam
1. brahmaputra valley 2. surma valley
78
distribution of tea
assam west bengal (duars, darjeeling) TN kerala
79
varieties of coffee
1. coffee robusta 2. coffee liberica 3. coffee arabica
80
coffee robusta
grown in lower elevation of south india more hardy yields poor quality coffee survives arid conditions disease resistant instant coffee
81
coffee liberica
hardy disease resistant lowland areas moderate coffee instant coffee
82
coffee arabica
finest coffee very delicate, susceptible to diseases less yield compared to others
83
disadvantages of coffee
1. strong sunshine and snowfall are harmful to the plant 2. prolonged drought either causes serious damage or reduces yield
84
why is coffee pruned annually
to ease picking ensures heavy bearing of coffee berries
85
why is coffee planted under shade of silver oak
susceptible to direct sunlight
86
methods of processing coffee
1. wet parchment method 2. dry parchment method
87
wet parchment method
fruit covering of beans is removed, dried, then pulped fermented, washed, dried
88
processes of dry parchment method
1. coffee cherries are spread out in the sun to dry 2. beans are fermented by drying them in the sun for a week 3. machines peel off the two layers of inner husks
89
leading producer of coffee and reason
KARNATAKA, because 1. black soil 2. hill slope 3. moderate rain

Geography (14 decks)

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