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Geography > Agriculture III & IV > Flashcards

Agriculture III & IV Flashcards

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1
Q

define cash crops

A

primarily grown for sale and not only for use by the grower and his family

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2
Q

define sugarcane

A

a member of the grass family and is a tall tropical variety with a hard, thick stem, which grows to a height of 3.5 m or more. sugar is stored in the stem

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3
Q

types of sugarcane

A

gur
khandasari

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4
Q

india’s production of sugarcane

A

largest value of production amongst all commercial crops.
india stands next to brazil in production

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5
Q

why is man made irrigation required for sugarcane

A

sucrose content decreases is heavy rains continue
rainfall deficiency causes a fibrous crop

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6
Q

why is sugarcane’s soil supplemented with manures and fertilizers

A

sugarcane exhausts the fertility of soil

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7
Q

methods of sowing sugarcane

A
  1. sett method
  2. ratooning
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8
Q

define sett method

A

new canes are planted by taking cuttings from old plants. these cuttings AKA setts, quickly become established and after some days, buds sprout to form new stalks.

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9
Q

define ratooning

A

during the first harvest the sugarcane is cut leaving a little bit of the stalk in the soil with roots. stalk soon puts out new shoots or RATOONS

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10
Q

advantages of ratooning

A
  1. crop does not need to be planted again, saves labour
  2. ratoon matures early
  3. method is cheaper as it does not involve any extra inputs
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11
Q

disadvantages of ratooning

A
  1. yield is of thinner canes with lower sucrose content
  2. there is more risk of pests and diseases
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12
Q

why is sugarcane harvested before winters

A

to protect it from frost. crop is cut by hand or using a long curve knife

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13
Q

why are sugarcane stalks cut near the ground

A

highest sucrose content

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14
Q

why are sugarcanes processed withing 24 hours of harvesting

A

to preserve sugar content

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15
Q

main areas of sugarcane production in india

A
  1. sutlej-ganga plain from punjab to bihar
  2. black soil area from maharashtra to TN
  3. coastal AP and Krishna valley
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16
Q

why does sugarcane grow in sutlej-ganga plain

A

fertile alluvium which is renewed every year by numerous mountain streams flowing in this area
high temperatures and rainfall
high water level enabling easy irrigation

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17
Q

why does south india have better yield of sugarcane

A

favourable maritime climate free from effects of summer loo and winter frost
sufficient irrigation
new farming techniques

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18
Q

problems for sugarcane cultivators

A
  1. soil exhausting crop and cost of fertilisers increases cost of production
  2. farms are far from the mills
  3. cost of transport increases cost of production
  4. crop is annual, and farmers are unable to cultivate any other crop
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19
Q

solution to sugarcane’s problem of soil exhaustion

A

crop rotation

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20
Q

edible and non edible oilseeds

A

groundnut, mustard,
linseed, cotton seeds, castor (NE)

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21
Q

uses of oilseeds

A

making paints, varnishes, hydrogenated oil, soaps

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22
Q

define oilcake

A

residue left after the extraction of oil from the oilseeds is used as fodder for animals and also manure in fields

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23
Q

climatic conditions for groundnut

A
  1. susceptible to frost
  2. tropical and subtropical climates
  3. temp: 20-25
  4. rain: 50-100 cm
  5. soil: well drained black soil, sandy loams
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24
Q

harmful climate for groundnuts

A

prolonged drought
continuous rains
stagnant water
frost

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25
Q

uses of groundnut

A
  1. hydrogenated oil
  2. margarine
  3. medical emulsions
  4. soap
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26
Q

leading producer of groundnuts in India

A

gujarat

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27
Q

distribution of groundnuts

A

gujarat
telangana
TN

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28
Q

uses of mustard

A
  1. cooking medium
  2. oilcake is cattle feed
  3. leaves (sarson) are used as veggies
  4. manure
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29
Q

why is mustard grown in sutlej-ganga plain and not in states of peninsular india

A

thrives only in cool climate

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30
Q

climatic conditions of mustard

A
  1. temp: 10-20 C
  2. rain: 25-40 cm
  3. soil: heavier soil, loams
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31
Q

distribution of mustard

A

UP
rajasthan
punjab
MP
haryana

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32
Q

uses of soya bean

A
  1. high protein content
  2. may be eaten as a vegetable or made into soya sauce
  3. substitute for animal protein
  4. soya milk or tofu
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33
Q

precaution while sowing soya bean

A

time-lag between the sowing time and onset of heavy rainfall adversely affects germination of soya bean seeds

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34
Q

climatic conditions of soya bean seeds

A
  1. temp: 13-24 C
  2. rain: 40-60 cm
  3. soil: friable loamy, acidic
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35
Q

distribution of soya bean

A

MP
rajasthan
maharashtra

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36
Q

harmful climate for cotton

A
  1. temp below 20 C leads to reduction in root growth, retards plant growth
  2. frost
  3. rain more than 85 cm
  4. rain during boll opening and harvesting periods (pests and diseases)
37
Q

why is manure used for cotton

A

exhausts soil fertility rapidly

38
Q

stages of processing of cotton

A
  1. it is ginned
  2. lint are washed and combed to form a rope like mass of fibres known as sliver
  3. sliver is fed to spindles and spun to make yarn
  4. seeds are crushed to yield oil, used as cattle fodder
39
Q

define sliver

A

lint are washed and combed to form a rope like mass of fibres known as sliver

40
Q

define ginning

A

the process used to separate the fibres or lint from the cotton seeds and the short fibres or lint which adhere to them

41
Q

stages of ginning

A
  1. cotton goes through driers to reduce moisture
  2. cleaning equipment to remove foreign matter
  3. air conveyed to gin stands where its circular saws pull lint through closely spaced ribs that prevent seed from passing through
  4. lint removed from saw teeth by rotating brushes and compressed into bales
42
Q

varieties of cotton

A
  1. superior long staple
  2. long staple
  3. superior medium staple
  4. medium staple
  5. short staple
43
Q

superior long staple

A

longer than 27 mm
33% of total production in india

44
Q

long staple

A

24.5 mm- 26 mm
long, fine, shiny
fine and superior quality cloth
grown in punjab, haryana

45
Q

superior medium staple

A

20-24 mm
37% of india’s output
in rajasthan, punjab, TN

46
Q

medium staple

A

20-21.5 mm long
9% of total output in india

47
Q

short staple

A

smaller than 19 mm
in UP, AP, rajasthan

48
Q

main distribution of cotton

A
  1. NW deccan on fertile black cotton soils
  2. central and southern deccan of karnataka and TN
  3. upper ganga valley
49
Q

why is cotton found in black cotton soils of deccan?

A
  1. black soil
  2. irrigation facility
50
Q

jute is obtained from inner bark of which two species

A
  1. corchorus capsularis (white jute)
  2. corchorus olitorius (tossa jute)
51
Q

diff between white jute and tossa jute

A

white: 75% of total area, hardy, highly adaptable, grows well on lowlands and uplands

tossa: 25% of land, only on uplands (averse to flooding), rough quality cloth and sacks

52
Q

uses of jute

A

rough quality cloth
sacks
carpets, rugs, twine
upholstery, tarpaulins

53
Q

why is jute called golden fibre

A
  1. provides huge revenue to government
  2. golden colour
54
Q

substitute for jute

A

mesta: more coarse, not as strong.
used to make bags for rough use
can withstand drought conditions

55
Q

process of retting

A

when plants are at the height of 2-4 m and mature, they are cut, bundled and put in ponds for retting
after 20-25 days, the bark is peeled from the plant by hand and fibre is removed from the pith.
it is rinsed, washed, dried, and pressed into bales

56
Q

define retting

A

jute is dried, stripped of unwanted leaves, put in water and allowed to rot

57
Q

why is jute grown in ganga-brahmaputra delta of WB

A

hot damp climate
alluvial, loamy soils t

58
Q

climatic conditions for cotton

A
  1. temp: 21-30, but not below 20
  2. rain: 50-75 cm
  3. soil: deep black soil
59
Q

distribution of cotton

A

gujarat, andhra, punjab

60
Q

climatic conditions of jute

A
  1. temp: 24-35 C
  2. rain: 150 cm, 90% RH
  3. soil: light sandy or clayey
61
Q

distribution of jute

A

west bengal
bihar
assam
odisha

62
Q

properties of tea

A

unique taste
tranquiliser
mild stimulant

63
Q

why is tea and coffee grown on hill slopes

A

to avoid waterlogging, and protect plant from annual inundations

64
Q

trees which provide shade to tea

A

silver oak tree

65
Q

methods of cultivation of tea

A
  1. from seeds
  2. from cuttings
66
Q

define clonal planting

A

growing tea shrubs in nurseries from cuttings, and then transplanting to tea garden

67
Q

advantages of clonal planting

A
  1. high quality yield
  2. better yield as plant has all qualities of mother plant
68
Q

why is tea picking done by women

A
  1. patience and judgement
  2. better pickers
  3. flexible fingers
  4. employed at cheaper rates
69
Q

types of tea

A
  1. black tea
  2. green tea
  3. oolong tea
  4. brick tea
70
Q

steps in processing of black tea

A
  1. withering: gathered leaves are gathered or dried in sun to EXTRACT MOISTURE
  2. rolling: rolled mechanically between steel rollers to break up fibres
  3. fermentation: leaves ferment, reduces amount of tannic acid in tea by half without impairing flavour
  4. drying: roasting and drying leaves until they are black
  5. blending: blend various grades of tea to give it a special aroma
  6. packing: aluminium foil packet to preserve flavour and reduce chance of damping
71
Q

preparation of green tea

A

picked leaves are roasted over hot iron pans and later rolled
no fermentation
leaves remain green even when dried, graded, packed

72
Q

properties of green tea

A

highly flavoured
strong stimulants because of more tannic acid

73
Q

oolong tea

A

greenish-brown
prepared by partially drying and fermenting leaves

74
Q

brick tea

A

inferior quality of tea
coarser leaves, stems, tea dust, compressed into rectangular blocks

75
Q

why is tea grown in assam

A

hill slope
heavy rain

76
Q

largest producer of tea

A

assam

77
Q

main areas of tea in assam

A
  1. brahmaputra valley
  2. surma valley
78
Q

distribution of tea

A

assam
west bengal (duars, darjeeling)
TN
kerala

79
Q

varieties of coffee

A
  1. coffee robusta
  2. coffee liberica
  3. coffee arabica
80
Q

coffee robusta

A

grown in lower elevation of south india
more hardy
yields poor quality coffee
survives arid conditions
disease resistant
instant coffee

81
Q

coffee liberica

A

hardy
disease resistant
lowland areas
moderate coffee
instant coffee

82
Q

coffee arabica

A

finest coffee
very delicate, susceptible to diseases
less yield compared to others

83
Q

disadvantages of coffee

A
  1. strong sunshine and snowfall are harmful to the plant
  2. prolonged drought either causes serious damage or reduces yield
84
Q

why is coffee pruned annually

A

to ease picking
ensures heavy bearing of coffee berries

85
Q

why is coffee planted under shade of silver oak

A

susceptible to direct sunlight

86
Q

methods of processing coffee

A
  1. wet parchment method
  2. dry parchment method
87
Q

wet parchment method

A

fruit covering of beans is removed, dried, then pulped
fermented, washed, dried

88
Q

processes of dry parchment method

A
  1. coffee cherries are spread out in the sun to dry
  2. beans are fermented by drying them in the sun for a week
  3. machines peel off the two layers of inner husks
89
Q

leading producer of coffee and reason

A

KARNATAKA, because
1. black soil
2. hill slope
3. moderate rain

Geography (14 decks)

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