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Geography > Conventional Sources of Energy > Flashcards

Conventional Sources of Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

define conventional sources of energy

A

are those which have been used by man for a long time and are still being tapped and used abundantly. ex: coal, petrol, natural gas, hydel power

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2
Q

why conventional sources are not used?

A

non-renewable, cause pollution, costlier in the long run, in limited supply

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3
Q

how is coal formed

A

it occurs as a sedimentary rock in association with carbonaceous shale, sandstone, and fine clay. coal is formed due to accumulation of plant matter in swampy areas or broad deltas, coastal plains, and basin lowlands

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4
Q

type of coal

A
  1. anthracite: hardest, shiny, lustrous, jet-black, compressed, 90 percent carbon, burns without smoke, leaves little ash when burnt
  2. bituminous: hard, black, compact. 50 to 80 percent carbon
  3. lignite: brown coal, lower grade, 40 percent carbon and has moisture, less combustible matter
  4. peat: least carbon content, inferior, accumulation of vegetable matter which has undergone decomposition and carbonisation
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5
Q

bituminous coal composition in world

A

80 percent of whole world’s total coal output

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6
Q

why is bituminous coal used in iron and steel smelting, and blast furnaces

A

coking coal is high grade bituminous coal which has special value because when it is heated in coke ovens it fuses int coke

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7
Q

what does peat represent

A

the first stage of transformation of wood into coal

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8
Q

oldest coalfield

A

Raniganj in WB

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9
Q

largest coalfield

A

Jharia in Jharkand

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10
Q

coal occurs in 2 rock sequences

A

gondwana (200 million years in age)
tertiary (55 million yrs in age)

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11
Q

why are gondwana coals considered good quality?

A

accounts for 98% of total reserves in india
free from moisture
contains sulphur and phosphorous in small variable quantities

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12
Q

define damodas

A

Gondwana coalfields are largely confined to the river valleys like those of Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavaru

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13
Q

location of gondwana coalfields

A

WB, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, MP, UP

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14
Q

why is Anthracite ideal for domestic use?

A

smokeless fuel with high calorific value

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15
Q

location of tertiary coalfields

A

Assam
arunachal pradesh
meghalaya
nagaland
kashmir

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16
Q

largest lignite deposit field in south india

A

Neyveli lignite field in tamil nadu

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17
Q

advantages of coal

A
  1. source of power for running machines, trains, ships
  2. manufacturing iron and steel\
  3. source of direct heat and energy for domestic purposes
  4. raw material in thermal power plants
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18
Q

disadvantages of coal

A
  1. calorific value of indian coal is low
  2. coal reserves are scattered in small amounts in india
  3. cost of production and transport is high
  4. large scale pollution caused at site of mining and place of use
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19
Q

why is petroleum called liquid gold

A

there is not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum which goes to waste or remains unused

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20
Q

liquid petroleum is called

A

crude oil

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21
Q

petroleum gas is called

A

natural gas

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22
Q

semi solid petroleum is called

A

asphalt, tar, pitch, bitumen

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23
Q

where is petroleum found

A

underground reservoirs in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, limestone

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24
Q

which substances are formed during petroleum refining

A

petrol, diesel, kerosene, tar, liquefied petroleum gas, lubricants, paraffin

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25
Q

density of petroleum

A

high density
1 kg of oil can generate 10000 kcal of energy

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26
Q

advantages and uses of petroleum

A
  1. fuel, for transportation
  2. production of petrochemical products like synthetic rubber, gasoline, printing ink, paraffin wax, lubricating oil
  3. petroleum used for power generation
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27
Q

disadvantages of petroleum

A
  1. natural fossil fuel, non renewable
  2. burning petroleum generates greenhouse gases
  3. expensive
  4. highly inflammable
  5. pollutes water during spills
28
Q

why is petroleum expensive

A

limited supply and high demand

29
Q

first oil refinery in private sector

A

Reliance Petroleum Limited

30
Q

why are most oil refineries located near the oilfield or coast>

A

to minimise cost of transportation
avoid risk of transporting oil inside the country because it is inflammable

31
Q

Digboi refinery

A

Assam

32
Q

Guwahati refinery

A

Assam

33
Q

Haldia refinery

A

West bengal

34
Q

Jamnagar refinery

A

Gujarat

35
Q

Panipat refinery

A

Haryana

36
Q

Vadinar oil refinery

A

Gujarat

37
Q

distribution of petroleum

A

mumbai high offshore zone
assam-arakan belt
gujarat-cambay belt

38
Q

location of Mumbai High

A

176 km off mumbai in the arabian sea

39
Q

why is Mumbai High so called

A

because of the height of the syncline of the rock structure in which the oil has been struck.

40
Q

most productive oilfield

A

Mumbai High, having 5 crore tonnes of oil

41
Q

special platform used to lift petroleum in Mumbai High

A

‘Sagar Samrat’. it is a self propelled jack-up type of drilling platform

42
Q

oldest oilfield and oldest oil refinery

A

Digboi oilfield
Moran, Bappapung, Hausanpung

43
Q

oilfields of western region

A

Kalol, Koyali, Kosamba, Sanand, Kathana

44
Q

how does natural gas occur

A

in association with mineral oil

45
Q

main composition of natural gas

A

methane(95%)
propane, ethane
it is a fossil fuel

46
Q

why do natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits

A

because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth

47
Q

how is LPG obtained

A

a by-product after refining crude oil `

48
Q

main component of LPG

A

butane, propane, ethane

49
Q

why is ethan mercaptan added to LPG

A

the foul smelling gas is added so that any leakage can be detected instantly

50
Q

LPG is being replaced by what?

A

PNG is replacing it, which is not stored in a cylinder by continuously supplied through pipeline from the source

51
Q

what is being used as an alternative for petrol and diesel in vehicles

A

CNG

52
Q

largest producer of natural gas in india

A

Mumbai High in Maharashtra

rest in assam, tamil nadu, rajasthan, tripura

53
Q

advantages and uses of natural gas

A
  1. eco friendly as it causes less damage to the environment. made up of methane so it results in less carbon emissions
  2. easier to preserve than other fuels
  3. can run a variety of appliances
  4. cleaner, cheaper than diesel or gasoline
  5. used for producing hydrogen, ammonia for fertilizers
54
Q

disadvantages of natural gas

A
  1. leaks are difficult to detect and very dangerous
  2. for use as fuel, except for methane, all other constituents of natural gas must be extracted
  3. non-renewable, exhaustible
  4. infrastructure for natural gas production and distribution is fairly expensive
55
Q

advantages of hydel power

A
  1. clean, non-polluting
  2. does not produce greenhouse gases
  3. renewable
  4. dams help to conserve and store water
56
Q

advantage of hydel power over fossil fuels

A

economical and sustainable as it saves on fossil fuels
cheaper than electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear power

57
Q

disadvantages of hydel power

A
  1. building dams in expensive
  2. building a large dam alters the natural water table
  3. building dams can cause geological damage like triggering earthquakes
  4. building dams displaces many people from the area and disturbs them
58
Q

bhakra nangal dam

A

joint venture by Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan governments

59
Q

what does the bhakra-nangal project comprise of

A
  1. two dams at Bhakra and Nangal
  2. Nangal hydel plant
  3. Power houses
  4. Bhakra canal system
60
Q

where is Bhakra dam

A

built across Sutlej river in Punjab and Himachal pradesh border.
90 km long reservoir is known as GOBIND SAGAR

61
Q

where is nangal dam

A

constructed at Nangal on the river Sutlej in Punjab.
supplies water to Bhakra irrigation canals

62
Q

power houses of bhakra nangal dam

A

Ganguwal (left bank power house)
Kotla (right bank power house)
installed capacity of 1204 MW

63
Q

Bhakra Canal system

A

provides irrigation to 10 million acres of land in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan

64
Q

aims/ advantages of bhakra nangal project

A
  1. provide water for irrigation
  2. generate hydroelectricity
  3. prevent flooding of Sutlej-Beas river
65
Q

Hirakud dam

A

across Mahanadi river, 15 km from Sambalpur in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh
first major multipurpose river projects started after independence

66
Q

advantages of Hirakud dam

A
  1. regulates flow of Mahanadi river
  2. produces hydroelectricity
  3. helps control flood
  4. irrigates land
  5. provides irrigation for kharif and rabi crops in Sambalpur, Bargah, Bolangir, Subarnpur
67
Q

additional powerplants arising from Nangal dam

A
  1. Nangal Hydel Channel
  2. Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel

Geography (14 decks)

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