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Environmental health > Water Quality Guidelines and Standards > Flashcards

Water Quality Guidelines and Standards Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of water quality guidelines according to the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 or R.A. 9275

A

The level for a water constituent or numerical values of physical, chemical, biological, and bacteriological or radiological parameters which are used to classify water resources and their use, which does not result in significant health risk and which are not intended for direct enforcement but only for water quality management purposes, such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement of the water quality, and as basis for taking positive action in preventing, controlling or abating water pollution.

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2
Q

Basis of water quality guidelines

A

human consumption and usual domestic consumption

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3
Q

It is any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates and/or concentrations or any combinations thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point source if allowed to discharge into a body of water or land

A

Effluent Standard

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4
Q

Characteristics of Water Quality Standards

A
  • Based on water quality guideline values
  • Take into account a variety of geographical, socio-economic, dietary and other conditions affecting potential exposure
  • Expressed in terms of microbiological, physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of water
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5
Q

What was updated from the 2007 PNSDW?

A

need for water quality standards during emergency situations

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6
Q

Rationale of PNSDW 2017

A
  • Access to safe drinking water for the protection and promotion of public health
  • Limits are set to minimize risk and prevalent deleterious effects
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7
Q

Basis of PNSDW 2017

A

WHO, US EPA and 2011 Australian Drinking-Water Guidelines

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8
Q

Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters

A
  1. Mandatory Parameters
  2. Primary Parameters
  3. Secondary Parameters
  4. Emergency Drinking-water parameters
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9
Q

[Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters]
site-specific wherein it concerns chemical impurities directly affecting health through acute or chronic exposure (i.e.: Benzene, Radon, Pesticides (Atrazine, Endrin))

A

Primary Parameters

*may be adopted as enforceable parameters

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10
Q

[Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters]
These are legally enforceable and concerns those that directly affect health through acute or chronic exposure and/or will render the water unacceptable for drinking

A

Mandatory Parameters

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11
Q

What are the viable indicators for general quality and stability of water supply?

A
  • Total Coliform
  • Arsenic
  • Cadmiun
  • Lead
  • Nitrate
  • Apparent Color
  • pH
  • Total Dissolved Solids
  • Turbidity
  • Disinfectant Residual
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12
Q

[Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters]
• Residual chlorine: 0.5-1.5 mg/L
• E. coli: absent per 100 ml sample

A

Emergency Drinking-water parameters

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13
Q

[Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters]

These indicate the possible presence of other contaminants and exceed tolerable values based on local monitoring data

A

Mandatory Parameters

• Have wide spatial distribution across the Philippines

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14
Q

[Classifications of drinking-water quality parameters]
Parameters which render the water unacceptable for drinking which include operational parameters which affect efficiency of treatment processes

A

Secondary Parameters

*involve iron, hardness, odor

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15
Q

Microbiological characteristics are typically expressed in terms of

A

concentration of particular species of bacteria

*detect and enumerate indicator bacteria

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16
Q

These are the most common indicator bacteria

A

coliforms

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17
Q

Water is tested for these kinds of coliforms

A

total and fecal/thermotolerant (i.e.: E. coli)

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18
Q

What does E.coli in chlorinated water (even at low concentrations) indicate?

A

Chlorination system failure

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19
Q

What does e.coli in tap water at some distance from treatment works indicate?

A

introduction of contamination at some point in the distribution system

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20
Q

T or F: nearly all bacteria in untreated water sample will be of no health significance and their presence is quite irrelevant except for fecal bacteria

A

true

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21
Q

conditions where fecal bacteria die off faster

A

warm water

sunlight

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22
Q

Three methods of microbiological tests according to the 2017 PNSDW

A
  1. Most probable number or multiple tube method
  2. Membrane filtration technique
  3. Enzyme substrate technique
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23
Q

[Microbiological tests]

In membrane filtration technique, water is filtered through what

A

cellulose membranes having a pore size of only 0.45 um which retains all bacteria and placed in a nutrient medium after and incubated

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24
Q

[Microbiological tests]

unit of concentration in membrane filtration technique

A

bacteria/100 ml

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25
Q

[Microbiological tests]
different volumes water sample are mixed with a number of tubes of nutrient medium and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C for total coliforms and 44°C for fecal coliforms

A

Multiple tube method

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26
Q

[Microbiological tests]

What confirms presence of coliform bacteria in multiple tube method?

A

Production of acid (purple to yellow) and gas

27
Q

[Microbiological tests]

By observing the number of positive reactions in multiple tube method, what is derived?

A

MPN of coliform bacteria

28
Q

[Microbiological tests]

This is used to test for presence or absence of coliform bacteria

A

Enzyme Substrate technique

*reagent is added to sample and incubated for 18 hours at 37C

29
Q

[Microbiological tests]

Results of enzyme substrate technique

A

(1) colorless=negative;
(2) yellow=total coliforms;
(3) yellow/fluorescent = E. coli

30
Q

Procedure for quantification in enzyme substrate technique

A
  1. Mix reagents with the sample, pour into incubation tray
  2. Seal, incubate
  3. Count: (1) yellow cells=total coliforms; (2) fluorescent=E. coli
31
Q

enzyme and substrate present intotal coliforms

A

Chromogenic substrates:
(orthonitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside [ONPG] or chlorophenol red-ß-D-galactopyranoside
[CPRG])
Enzyme: ß-D-galactosidase

32
Q

organism which uses fluorogenic substrate (4-

methylumbelliferyl- ß-D-glucuronide [MUG]) in enzyme substrate technique

A

E.coli

enzyme: ß-glucuronidase
indication: Presence of fluorescence (366nm UV
light) → MPN

33
Q

Indication of total coliform in enzyme substrate technique

A

Production of a color change (ONPG:yellow/

CPRG:red) after incubation at 24- 28h → CFU/100mL

34
Q

[Microbiological Standards]

Standard values for heterotrophic plate count

A

<500 CFU/ml

35
Q

[Microbiological Standards]

Standard values for fecal coliform or E.coli and total coliform

A

MTFT: <1.1 MPN/100mL
MFT: <1 colony/100mL
EST: Absent or <1 MPN/100mL

*US EPA: 0

36
Q

Source and mode of supply for sampling of drinking water supply systems

A

Level I, II, III, Buildings, Food establishments, Ice plants

37
Q

Minimum frequency of sampling for TC and E. coli

A
  1. TC: 95% of samples are TC negative

2. Thermotolerant: no samples should test positive

38
Q

Point of compliance in frequency of sampling for drinking water supply systems???

A

Point source, communal faucet, consumer’s tap

39
Q

These are qualities of water which may lead to unpleasant taste, odor, appearance or other property to discourage use

A

Physical and Chemical characteristics

*health hazardous pollutants

40
Q

Mandatory Physical and Chemical Parameters with Standard values

A 
Arsenic: 0.01 mg/L
Cadmium: 0.003 mg/L
Lead: 0.01 mg/L
Nitrate: 50 mg/L
Apparent Color: 10 color
units
Turbidity: 5 NTU
pH: 6.5-8.5
Total Dissolved Solids: 600 mg/L
Disinfectant Residual
• Chlorine Dioxide: 0.2-0.4 mg/L (more harmful)
• Chlorine: 0.3-1.5 mg/L
41
Q

Sources of arsenic

A

naturally occuring

42
Q

Source of cadmium

A

Impurity of zinc coating of galvanized pipes and solders and metal fittings

43
Q

Source of turbidity

A

from suspended matter

44
Q

source of apparent color

A

Organic materials, iron and manganese, suspended matter

45
Q

source of lead

A

Plumbing systems containing lead pipes, solder, fittings, or the
service connections to
the homes

46
Q

source of nitrate

A

Leaching or runoff from agricultural land or contamination from human or animal waste

47
Q

sources of total dissolved solids

A

Natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial wastewater

48
Q

Difference of true color and apparent color

A

true: when turbidity is removed
apparent: without turbidity removal

49
Q

Acidity observed in wastewater

A

mineral acidity

50
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

A
  • Adequate potable water supply provided to all employees
  • Standard drinking water facilities shall be readily accessible to all employees (1 facility for every 50 employees)
  • Where a local or city waterworks system exists, the industrial establishment shall utilize water from the system or from its own water supply that complies with the PNSDW
51
Q

fundamental characteristics of wastewater/sewage

A
  1. Suspended solids
  2. Oxygen demand
  3. Pathogenic organisms
  4. Toxic chemicals
52
Q

How are suspended solids determined?

A

Determined by filtering wastewater and retaining the solids on a filter paper which is oven-dried and weighed

53
Q

This is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic chemicals which is a GROSS and INDIRECT measure of total organic load contained in sewage

A

oxygen demand

*COD/BOD

54
Q

This is the measure of the amount of chemicals (usually organics) that consume dissolved oxygen which is measured by boiling the sewage with an acid dichromate
solution

A

COD

  • Organics are converted to carbon dioxide and water
  • COD = 1.5 x BOD
55
Q

This is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria that are decomposing organic matter which is measured by allowing the sample to stand at 20°C for five days and calculating the amount of oxygen used up during the oxidation of the organics by bacteria

A

BOD

56
Q

[CLASSIFICATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY]
These are intended for waters having uninhabited watersheds and/or otherwise declared as protected areas which require only approved disinfection to meet latest PNSDW (2017)

A

Class AA (Public Water Supply Class I)

57
Q

[CLASSIFICATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY]
Intended for sources of water supply requiring conventional treatment (coagulation and
flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) to meet PNSDW

A

Class A (Public Water Supply Class II)

58
Q 
Water class intended for
primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, etc.)
A

Class B (Recreational Water Class I)

59
Q

Intended for fishery water for the growth and propagation of fish and other aquatic sources; Boating, fishing, etc.; Agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering

A

Class C (Recreational Water Class II)

60
Q

Water class intended for industrial water supply for manufacturing purposes and navigation and other similar uses

A

Class D

61
Q

They enforce provisions of PNSDW and develop and implement DWQ surveillance program and establish local DW monitoring committees

A

LGUs

*also advocate for importance of DWQ standards and its health effects

62
Q

Gov agency which ensure compliance of all drinking-water service providers; provide technical assistance to local government units, DW service providers and to the general public and accredit water laboratories, certify training providers and
water sampling personnel

A

DOH

63
Q

They comply with provisions, secure accreditation and implement quality control

A

water laboratory

64
Q
  • Comply with provisions
  • Develop or implement a water safety plan
  • Institute corrective actions for any unsatisfactory results of water sampling/testing
  • Submit samples to accredited labs in a timely manner
  • Submit results to local health authority
  • Educate consumers on the safety of drinking-water
A

Drinking Water Service Provider or Building Operators

Environmental health (17 decks)

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