Solid Waste Management Flashcards
Waste arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted
Solid waste
T or F: Plants are the ultimate receptor of pollution
false, humans are
One of the best approaches in waste management
Waste minimization
Behavioral component of solid waste management
→ More affluent communities tend to generate more waste as they discard materials more easily as compared to lower-income communities that would try to reuse products as much as possible
→ If something is viewed to have lost value, it is seen as useless even if it can still be reused
Amount of waste generated by metro manila each day
8,000-10,000 tons
Categories of solid waste
Municipal solid waste (from domestic, commercial, and institutional activities in urban areas)
Industrial solid waste (from industrial waste, includes potentially hazardous waste)
Hazard solid waste (pose substantial danger imm. or over period of time to biotic life)
type of waste which causes immediate and/or long-term problems due to its
nature
Hazardous solid waste
Characteristics which make waste hazardous
Toxicity
Ignitability
Corrosiveness
Reactivity
PH implications of improper swm
- Aesthetics problems
(generates unpleasant odor and causes eye sores) - Clogging of sewers, drains, and rivers
- Breeding place of insects and rodents
- Surface and groundwater pollution
(due to components of water discharge; leachate) - Contributes to air pollution
• Incineration (produce dioxins & furans – carcinogenic)
• Spontaneous combustion (anaerobic decomposition =methane)
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Generation > Storage > Transfer & Transport or Processing and Recovery or Collection > Disposal (see figure)
most important strategy in waste management
waste minimization
most favoured option: reduce lowering amount of waste produced
Factors contributing to increasing amounts of solid waste
Advertisements Increasing populations Changing lifestyles Disposable materials Excessive packaging
Integrated solid waste management hierarchy
reduce (lowering amount of waste produced)
reuse (using materials repeatedly)
recycle (using materials to make new products)
recovery (recovering energy from waste)
landfill (safe disposal of waste to landfill) - least favoured
Priority in SWM
reduce > reuse > recycle > recovery > landfill
How expensive is collection in SWM?
50-70% of total cost of SWM is spent here
City of Manila = PHP 500M
Important because collection is expensive and it is for efficient collxn, sustainability of waste management, and reduced exposure to hazards
Storage
(Proper storage using covered containers keeps mechanical
vectors at bay, preventing them from transmitting diseases.
process of gathering and hauling of waste collxn points to disposal sites
collection
Training of solid waste collection crew should be done and they must be protected by wearing PPE
T or F: waste can be collected anytime
False (proper timing is needed)
T or F: There must be a separate collxn system for hazardous waste
true
→ Separates recyclable materials from other wastes
→ Transfer stations, combustion facilities, disposal sites
Material Recovery Facility
Physical solid waste processes
separation, size reduction (makes waste look more uniform) or densification using equipment (shredders-always mechanically)
T or F: Size reduction in solid waste is done mechanically
false, manually
Densification reduces?
storage, transport and disposal costs
Biological processes involved in waste management uses?
microorganisms to degrade material and bioreactor which should have optimal mix of carbon and nutrients in wastes for microorganisms to work well
*Via Aerobic composting or Anaerobic Digestion
→ Rate of degradation is a function of: organic fraction in waste, temperature, moisture content, and available
nutrients
Key reaction products involved in biologic waste management?
resistant organic matter, CO2, H2S, NH3, sulfates, and heat (addition of CH4 for anaerobic)
Thermal processes involved in waste management
pyrolysis (thermochemical decomposition–endothermic; no O2 involved)
gasification (converstion to combustible gas)
combustion/incineration (used in PH–exothermic involving burning)
Explain transport and transfer stage
• Transfer of waste from smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment and subsequent transfer of waste to disposal site
• Large collection vehicles compress wastes to allow more waste to be transported
→ Cannot reach far-flung communities and enter areas with informal settlers
• Transfer station is recommended if disposal site is relatively far
(>15 km)
it is the remaining waste after reduction, recycling, reuse and processing
residual waste (should be properly disposed)
→ Refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of solid waste
→ Designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impacts
Sanitary landfill
What are sanitary landfills?
pit with protected bottom where trash is buriend in layers, compacted (pressed down to make it more solid), and covered
Sanitary landfills have ______ that protects environment from leaching to prevent groundwater pollution
protective liner
Differentiate dump site vs sanitary landfill
dump sites-place where people throw trash and hazardous due to leachate and breeding ground for mech vectors
sl- with protective liner
Clark sanitary landfill is an example of a
modern landfill
T or F: modern landfills have protective liner which are able to resist acidity of leachate and prevents it from contaminating soil
true (made up of high-density polyethylene protecting landfill for more than 500 years)
Leachate and gas collected
methane
hydrogen sulfide
????
Second liner following the protective liner wc prevents leachates from contaminating source
clay liner
System of pipes that collect leachate and bring it to the leachate treatment plant
Leachate collection system
System of pipes that collect methane and can generate fuel that could be utilize for energy
Methane Gas Recovery system
It is also made out of high density polyethylene used in modern landfills
protective cap
quantitative value that measures degree of pollution by a certain waste
Biochemical oxygen demand
sewage: 400 mg/dL; leachate: 15,000 mg/dL
see cross ection of modern landfill
see cross ection of modern landfill
