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Environmental health > Water and Hygiene > Flashcards

Water and Hygiene Flashcards

1
Q

Water works includes these

A

→ Aquatic environmental engineering

→ Environmental microbiology

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2
Q

catch phrase in Japan when pertaining to Japanese water supply

A

safe and tasty water

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3
Q

What problem occured starting in the 1980s

A

musty taste and odor problems

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4
Q

What are present in musty taste and odor problems?

A

→ Algal toxin
→ Endocrine disrupters
→ Cryptosporidium

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5
Q

What caused this taste and musty odor problems?

A

eutrophication of certain cyanobacteria (producing algal toxin) and Actinomycetes

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6
Q

major sources of musty taste and odor problems

A

→ Geosmin
→ 2-methylisoborneol

(even at 5 ng/L)

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7
Q

T or F: the musty odor substance is volatile

A

true

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8
Q

Advance water treatment used in removing odor substances

A

→ ozonation
→ activated carbon
→ biological treatment

(not carcinogenic)

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9
Q

Examples of algae that produce musty odor in water supplies

A

→ Anabaena spiroides

→ Phormidium tenue

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10
Q

condition in which bacteria and algae grow in bodies of water

A

Eutrophication

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11
Q

Example of cyanobacteria causing eutrophication

A

Microcystis aeruginosa

produces microcystin LR toxin

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12
Q

Effect of anatoxin a and a (s)

A

nervous system damage

LDa = 200 ug/kg; LDa(s) = 20 ug/kg

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13
Q

Effect of Microcystin LR toxin

A 
liver damage
(LD = 50 ug/kg)
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14
Q

Lethal dose of cholera toxin

A

250 ug/kg

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15
Q

Example of waterborne diseases

A

Cholera and typhoid

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16
Q

These diseases are acquired from lice or mites

A

water-washed diseases

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17
Q

Examples of water-based diseases

A

Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis

18
Q

Malaria (clean water), Dengue (dirty water), Filariasis, onchocerciasis and yellow fever are example of what kind of diseases

A

Water-related diseases

19
Q

A water-dispersed infection from air conditioners

A

Bacteria Legionella

20
Q

Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which causes extremely dangerous infections

A

Type 1

i.e.: Ebola, plague

21
Q

Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which are infectious diseases at high risk of infection????

A

Type 2

i.e.: acute poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, SARS, avian flu

22
Q

Class of ID that can cause outbreaks

A

Type 3

i.e.: cholera, intestinal hemorrhagic E.coli infection, typhoid

23
Q

Class of ID that may affect public health

A

Type 4

i.e.: echinococcosis rabies, dengue fever, legionnairesis, leptospirosis

24
Q

Class of ID to prevent occurence/expansion

A

Type 5

i.e.: amoebic dysentery, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, tetanus

25
Q

Vibrio cholera

A

type 3

26
Q

S. typhi

A

Type 3

27
Q

Shigella spp.

A

Type 3

28
Q

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

A

Type 3

29
Q

This bacteria causes O157 outbreaks and dysentery

A

Enterohemorrhagic E.coli

30
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Type 4

31
Q

This bacteria is detected from environmental waters and sewage

A

Pseudomonas spp.

32
Q

This bacteria is comonly found in chicken and eggs

A

Campylobacter jejuni

33
Q

This bacteria causes plague

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

34
Q

Protozoan with high pathogenicity, dysentery-like symptoms, usually affects nasal mucosa

A

Entamoeba histolytica

35
Q

Protozoan which water purification plants should pay close attention to

A

Cryptosporidium spp.

identified in 1976

36
Q

The oocyst of cyrptosporidium parvum has a diameter of

A

4.2 to 5.4 microns

37
Q

Where do the oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum stay?

A

microvilli of epithelial cells such as the small intestine

38
Q

Symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

watery diarrhea
nausea
abdominal pain

39
Q

Viruses that cause waterborne diseases

A
  • Polio virus
  • Coxsackie A virus
  • Norovirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Adenovirus
  • Enterovirus
40
Q

Characteristics of microbial risk

A
  1. Pathogen is also a minute organism (living thing)
  2. There is a possibility that minute organisms of new nature are born naturally (e.g. AIDS, SARS)
  3. Pathogen grows in human body
    (Not seen with chemical substances, moves, occasionally shows different symptoms)
  4. Health condition has great influence on infection and onset
  5. Humans show immunity and resistance
    (advantageous)
  6. Host specificity of pathogens are high
  7. Exposure every time becomes a problem
    (It differs from the problem of accumulative trace contaminated
    chemical substances)
  8. There is a possibility of spreading
  9. Onset is slow
41
Q

(see Current issues of waterborne infection)

A

(see Current issues of waterborne infection)

Environmental health (17 decks)

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