Water and Hygiene Flashcards
Water works includes these
→ Aquatic environmental engineering
→ Environmental microbiology
catch phrase in Japan when pertaining to Japanese water supply
safe and tasty water
What problem occured starting in the 1980s
musty taste and odor problems
What are present in musty taste and odor problems?
→ Algal toxin
→ Endocrine disrupters
→ Cryptosporidium
What caused this taste and musty odor problems?
eutrophication of certain cyanobacteria (producing algal toxin) and Actinomycetes
major sources of musty taste and odor problems
→ Geosmin
→ 2-methylisoborneol
(even at 5 ng/L)
T or F: the musty odor substance is volatile
true
Advance water treatment used in removing odor substances
→ ozonation
→ activated carbon
→ biological treatment
(not carcinogenic)
Examples of algae that produce musty odor in water supplies
→ Anabaena spiroides
→ Phormidium tenue
condition in which bacteria and algae grow in bodies of water
Eutrophication
Example of cyanobacteria causing eutrophication
Microcystis aeruginosa
produces microcystin LR toxin
Effect of anatoxin a and a (s)
nervous system damage
LDa = 200 ug/kg; LDa(s) = 20 ug/kg
Effect of Microcystin LR toxin
liver damage (LD = 50 ug/kg)
Lethal dose of cholera toxin
250 ug/kg
Example of waterborne diseases
Cholera and typhoid
These diseases are acquired from lice or mites
water-washed diseases
Examples of water-based diseases
Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis
Malaria (clean water), Dengue (dirty water), Filariasis, onchocerciasis and yellow fever are example of what kind of diseases
Water-related diseases
A water-dispersed infection from air conditioners
Bacteria Legionella
Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which causes extremely dangerous infections
Type 1
i.e.: Ebola, plague
Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which are infectious diseases at high risk of infection????
Type 2
i.e.: acute poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, SARS, avian flu
Class of ID that can cause outbreaks
Type 3
i.e.: cholera, intestinal hemorrhagic E.coli infection, typhoid
Class of ID that may affect public health
Type 4
i.e.: echinococcosis rabies, dengue fever, legionnairesis, leptospirosis
Class of ID to prevent occurence/expansion
Type 5
i.e.: amoebic dysentery, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, tetanus
Vibrio cholera
type 3
S. typhi
Type 3
Shigella spp.
Type 3
Enterotoxigenic E.coli
Type 3
This bacteria causes O157 outbreaks and dysentery
Enterohemorrhagic E.coli
Legionella pneumophila
Type 4
This bacteria is detected from environmental waters and sewage
Pseudomonas spp.
This bacteria is comonly found in chicken and eggs
Campylobacter jejuni
This bacteria causes plague
Yersinia enterocolitica
Protozoan with high pathogenicity, dysentery-like symptoms, usually affects nasal mucosa
Entamoeba histolytica
Protozoan which water purification plants should pay close attention to
Cryptosporidium spp.
identified in 1976
The oocyst of cyrptosporidium parvum has a diameter of
4.2 to 5.4 microns
Where do the oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum stay?
microvilli of epithelial cells such as the small intestine
Symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum
watery diarrhea
nausea
abdominal pain
Viruses that cause waterborne diseases
- Polio virus
- Coxsackie A virus
- Norovirus
- Rotavirus
- Adenovirus
- Enterovirus
Characteristics of microbial risk
- Pathogen is also a minute organism (living thing)
- There is a possibility that minute organisms of new nature are born naturally (e.g. AIDS, SARS)
- Pathogen grows in human body
(Not seen with chemical substances, moves, occasionally shows different symptoms) - Health condition has great influence on infection and onset
- Humans show immunity and resistance
(advantageous) - Host specificity of pathogens are high
- Exposure every time becomes a problem
(It differs from the problem of accumulative trace contaminated
chemical substances) - There is a possibility of spreading
- Onset is slow
(see Current issues of waterborne infection)
(see Current issues of waterborne infection)
