Water and Hygiene

Question 1

Water works includes these

Answer 1

→ Aquatic environmental engineering

→ Environmental microbiology

Question 2

catch phrase in Japan when pertaining to Japanese water supply

Answer 2

safe and tasty water

Question 3

What problem occured starting in the 1980s

Answer 3

musty taste and odor problems

Question 4

What are present in musty taste and odor problems?

Answer 4

→ Algal toxin
→ Endocrine disrupters
→ Cryptosporidium

Question 5

What caused this taste and musty odor problems?

Answer 5

eutrophication of certain cyanobacteria (producing algal toxin) and Actinomycetes

Question 6

major sources of musty taste and odor problems

Answer 6

→ Geosmin
→ 2-methylisoborneol

(even at 5 ng/L)

Question 7

T or F: the musty odor substance is volatile

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Advance water treatment used in removing odor substances

Answer 8

→ ozonation
→ activated carbon
→ biological treatment

(not carcinogenic)

Question 9

Examples of algae that produce musty odor in water supplies

Answer 9

→ Anabaena spiroides

→ Phormidium tenue

Question 10

condition in which bacteria and algae grow in bodies of water

Answer 10

Eutrophication

Question 11

Example of cyanobacteria causing eutrophication

Answer 11

Microcystis aeruginosa

produces microcystin LR toxin

Question 12

Effect of anatoxin a and a (s)

Answer 12

nervous system damage

LDa = 200 ug/kg; LDa(s) = 20 ug/kg

Question 13

Effect of Microcystin LR toxin

Answer 13

liver damage
(LD = 50 ug/kg)

Question 14

Lethal dose of cholera toxin

Answer 14

250 ug/kg

Question 15

Example of waterborne diseases

Answer 15

Cholera and typhoid

Question 16

These diseases are acquired from lice or mites

Answer 16

water-washed diseases

Question 17

Examples of water-based diseases

Answer 17

Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis

Question 18

Malaria (clean water), Dengue (dirty water), Filariasis, onchocerciasis and yellow fever are example of what kind of diseases

Answer 18

Water-related diseases

Question 19

A water-dispersed infection from air conditioners

Answer 19

Bacteria Legionella

Question 20

Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which causes extremely dangerous infections

Answer 20

Type 1

i.e.: Ebola, plague

Question 21

Class of ID to be notified by infectious disease law which are infectious diseases at high risk of infection????

Answer 21

Type 2

i.e.: acute poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, SARS, avian flu

Question 22

Class of ID that can cause outbreaks

Answer 22

Type 3

i.e.: cholera, intestinal hemorrhagic E.coli infection, typhoid

Question 23

Class of ID that may affect public health

Answer 23

Type 4

i.e.: echinococcosis rabies, dengue fever, legionnairesis, leptospirosis

Question 24

Class of ID to prevent occurence/expansion

Answer 24

Type 5

i.e.: amoebic dysentery, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, tetanus

Question 25

Vibrio cholera

Answer 25

type 3

Question 26

S. typhi

Answer 26

Type 3

Question 27

Shigella spp.

Answer 27

Type 3

Question 28

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

Answer 28

Type 3

Question 29

This bacteria causes O157 outbreaks and dysentery

Answer 29

Enterohemorrhagic E.coli

Question 30

Legionella pneumophila

Answer 30

Type 4

Question 31

This bacteria is detected from environmental waters and sewage

Answer 31

Pseudomonas spp.

Question 32

This bacteria is comonly found in chicken and eggs

Answer 32

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 33

This bacteria causes plague

Answer 33

Yersinia enterocolitica

Question 34

Protozoan with high pathogenicity, dysentery-like symptoms, usually affects nasal mucosa

Answer 34

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 35

Protozoan which water purification plants should pay close attention to

Answer 35

Cryptosporidium spp. | identified in 1976

Question 36

The oocyst of cyrptosporidium parvum has a diameter of

Answer 36

4.2 to 5.4 microns

Question 37

Where do the oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum stay?

Answer 37

microvilli of epithelial cells such as the small intestine

Question 38

Symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum

Answer 38

watery diarrhea nausea abdominal pain

Question 39

Viruses that cause waterborne diseases

Answer 39

* Polio virus * Coxsackie A virus * Norovirus * Rotavirus * Adenovirus * Enterovirus

Question 40

Characteristics of microbial risk

Answer 40

1. Pathogen is also a minute organism (living thing) 2. There is a possibility that minute organisms of new nature are born naturally (e.g. AIDS, SARS) 3. Pathogen grows in human body (Not seen with chemical substances, moves, occasionally shows different symptoms) 4. Health condition has great influence on infection and onset 5. Humans show immunity and resistance (advantageous) 6. Host specificity of pathogens are high 7. Exposure every time becomes a problem (It differs from the problem of accumulative trace contaminated chemical substances) 8. There is a possibility of spreading 9. Onset is slow

Question 41

(see Current issues of waterborne infection)

Answer 41

(see Current issues of waterborne infection)