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Environmental health > Principles of Occupational Health > Flashcards

Principles of Occupational Health Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: There are specialized occupational health servics but access remains low

A

true

only 15% of employees have access; mostly in private sectors

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2
Q

Two-way relationship between work and health

A

The health of the worker will affect the productivity of the company, and the work place conditions will affect the health of the workers

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3
Q

This highlights that rest is important

A

sleep (in the middle of two-way relationship between work and health)

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4
Q

Goals of occupational health

A

→ The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations
→ The prevention of adverse effects on health among workers caused by their working conditions;
→ The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
→ The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs;

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5
Q

Summary goal of occupational health

A

adaptation of work to man and each of man to his job

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6
Q

Moral reasons for oh and safety

A

→ Duty of reasonable care
→ Unacceptability of putting health and safety of people at risk
→ Society’s attitude to moral obligations
→ Making the moral case to senior management

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7
Q

LEGAL reasons for OH and safety

A

→ The preventive (enforcement), punitive (through criminal sanctions), and compensatory effects of law
(Occupational Safety and Health Standards)

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8
Q

ECONOMIC reasons for OH and safety

A

→ Ill health and diseases can result to increased absences
→ Medical costs shouldered by the company
→ Accidents can affect operation
→ Decrease in overall profit

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9
Q

discipline of OH involving assessment, management, and referral of work-related and non-occuational health issues (done by occupational health physicians)

A

Primary clinical care (medicine)

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10
Q

Primary clinical care involves these programs

A

evidence-based workplace health programs

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11
Q

[Primary clinical care (medicine)]

prevention and screening, primary care, and emergency care for the workers

A

Health screening, biological monitoring, establishing first aid procedures and other preventive health care services

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12
Q

discipline of OH which is the study of the potential of any substance to produce adverse health effects on a living organism and the likelihood that such adverse effects might occur under specified exposure conditions

A

Toxicoogy

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13
Q

What differentiates posion from remedy

A

right dose

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14
Q

Who said that “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates poison from a remedy.”

A

Philippus

Aureolus, Father of Modern Toxicology

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15
Q

discipline of OH which is the Science and art devoted to the ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALUATION AND CONTROL of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community

A

Industrial Hygiene

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16
Q

Hierarchy of controls in industrial hygiene

A 
→ From the most effective to the least effective
• Engineering
• Administrative
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
− Against biological hazards
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17
Q

What is occupational safety?

A

Discipline of OH which refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work or employment achieved through compliance with provisions of OSH standards (i.e.: Threshold limit values)

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18
Q

Other definitions of occupational safety

A
  • Freedom from harm or danger, state of being safe
  • Responsibility of both employer and employee
  • However, there are some risks that cannot be controlled
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19
Q

What is epidemiology

A

discipline of OH wc is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations (i.e. workers), and the application of this study to the prevention and control health problems
→ Workers as population

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20
Q

Processes involved in Protecting Worker’s Health

A 
A. Hazard Identification
B. Risk Assessment
C. Management Intervention
D. Control Procedures
E. Monitoring and Evaluation of Programs
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21
Q

[Hazard id]
Any workplace element which may affect the health of the worker; a potential element (object, condition) that can cause harm in the workplace

A

Occupational hazard

occupational exposure results from the presence of a hazard

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22
Q

Questions to ask in identifying occupational hazards

A

→ What are the characteristics of the workers?
→ What are the materials being used?
→ What are the equipment and its features?
→ What are the processes in the workplace?
→ How is the workplace set up?
→ How does the management act towards hazards?

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23
Q

T or F: In identifying hazards, all areas in the workplace including flow of material and non-production areas should be examined

A

True

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24
Q

Classifications of occupational hazards

A

Health hazards

Safety hazards

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25
Q

[Hazard id]

This may result to occupational/work-related diseases and can sometimes become a safety issue (i.e.: lightning)

A

Health hazards

(In the exam, a hazard can be classified into either health or safety hazard depending on how it is stated (i.e. cause disease or injury)

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26
Q

Examples of biological nature of health hazards

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Insects
Viruses

27
Q

Physical nature of health hazards

A 
• Noise
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Lighting
• Heat
• Cold
• Barometric Pressure
− Causes headaches, barotrauma, altitude sickness
•Ventilation
28
Q

Chemical nature of health hazards

A
  • Mists (dispersed liquids)
  • Liquids
  • Dusts (solids generated from grinding processes)
  • Fumes
  • Gases
  • Aerosols
29
Q

Ergonomic nature of health hazards

musculoskeletal effect

A 
− Manual handling
o Ex. Construction workers
− Repetitive movement
o Ex. Cashiers
− Restrictive working area
− Prolonged exertion
30
Q

Ergonomic nature of health hazards

(psychological effect

A 
− Job stress
− Job monotony
− Unsociable hours
− Job organization
− Violence/harassment
31
Q

[Hazard id]
These may result to accidents and incidents that may cause occupational INJURIES and PROPERTY DAMAGE; INSTANTANEOUS EVENTS that have adverse effects on the work process.

A

Safety hazards

32
Q

[Safety Hazards]
These are unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may or may not result in personal injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination thereof, which arises out of and in the course of employment

A

Work accident

→ May involve a health hazard, but is concerned with how their effects are realized due to its nature

33
Q

2 natures of safety hazards

A

− Unsafe acts (risky acts i.e.: horesplaying, not following SOP)
− Unsafe conditions (non-ideal workplace; poor workplace set-up, presence of heavy equipment/hazardous machinery – rotating parts can cause harm)

34
Q

T or F: In risk assessment, exposure is the contact with a hazard

A

true

35
Q

What is risk??

A

the probability/ likelihood of realizing harm due to an exposure to a hazard. (only occurs if there is hazard and exposure)

36
Q

Differentiate health risk, no health risk and residual risk

A

▪ Health Risk = Hazard + Exposure
▪ No Health Risk = No Hazard + No Exposure
▪ Residual Risk = Hazard + No Exposure (minimal due to no exposure and presence of control measures)

37
Q

Questions to ask in risk assessment

A

→ What is the impact of hazard?
→ How many will be exposed? Is it above or below the standards?
→ What is the probability of the worker getting exposed?

38
Q

Article stating the philippine occupational health and safety standards (1989)

A

Article 162 of the Labor code of the PH

“hereby promulgated fro the guidance and compliance of all concerned)

39
Q

the philippine occupational health and safety standards are referred to as

A

Standards

40
Q

goal of the philippine occupational health and safety standards

A

to protect every worker against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions

41
Q

government agency responsible for

monitoring public office

A

Civil Service Commission

42
Q

Duties of Employers according to rule 1005

A

→ Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions that are causing or are likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to his workers;
→ Give complete job safety instructions to all his workers, especially to those entering the job for the first time, including those relating to the familiarization with their work environment, hazards to which the workers are exposed to and steps taken in case of emergency
▪ This includes training of the workers
→ Comply with the requirements of this Standards; and
→ Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace

43
Q

Rule dictting every employer shall establish in his place of employment OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

A

Rule 1960

44
Q

These are services entrusted with essentially preventive functions and composed of health and safety commmittee

A

Occupational Health Services

45
Q

Occupational health services are responsible for advising the employer, workers and representatives in

A

− Establishing a safe and healthy working environment
o Optimal physical and mental health in relation to work
o Adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in the light of their state of physical and mental health

46
Q

Other standards and guidelines

A

→ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Standards
→ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines and standards (USA)
→ Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (UK)

47
Q

These involves the reduction of the environmental stresses to values that the worker can tolerate without impairment of health or productivity

A

Control procedures

TLV

48
Q

What are the components of the hierarchy of control?

A

→ Engineering controls (hard)
→ Administrative controls (soft)
→ PPE

49
Q

Where can controls be placed at?

A

source of hazard, air path

receiver

50
Q

Methods applied in engineering controls

A

substitution, isolation or ventilation

51
Q

Aim of engineering controls

A

to isolate the people from the hazard by containing or enclosing the hazard or changing the design of the workplace

52
Q

Examples of engineering controls

A

ventilation

enclosure

53
Q

[Engineering controls] Physically removing the hazard

A

Elimination

54
Q

[Engineering controls] replacing the hazardous material with something less hazardous

A

Substitution

i.e.: processes, methods, materials

55
Q

It is changing the way people work through policies and programs; done through scheduling reduced work times in contaminant areas, good work practices, and employee

A

Administrative controls

56
Q

Examples of administrative controls

A

Work-scheduling (shiftings), rotation, increase of rest, education

57
Q

How is behavior changed?

A

making people aware and improving their health and safety culture

58
Q

Characteristics of PPE

→ E.g. Respirators, masks, clothes, gloves, ear plugs/muffs

A

→ PPE should be follow the approved standard
• Standards are seen in the OHS Center website
→ PPE should be appropriate for the job (E.g. latex gloves should not be used for construction sites, manufacturing)

59
Q

This is needed in order to see whether the programs implemented are appropriate for the hazards

A

Monitoring and Evaluation Programs

*Assessment is necessary to see what the most urgent problem is

60
Q

These refers to the qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or physician, whose services have been engaged by the employer in order to provide occupational health services in the establishment.

A

Occupational Health Personnel

61
Q

This refers to the nurse, dentist, physician, engineer, or chemist, duly licensed to practice his/her profession in the Philippines and possessing all of the additional qualifications required under Rule 1964.01, which would include additional
training.

A

Occupational Health Practitioner

62
Q

Roles of OH Professional

A
  1. Help the company comply with the law.
  2. Advise on or set the health and safety policy.
  3. Assist in the control of sickness absence.
  4. Review the fitness of employees’ post-sickness absence.
  5. Manage rehabilitation.
  6. Advise on fitness to work.
  7. Manage access to first-aid services.
  8. Organize health promotion initiatives.
  9. Design and manage substance abuse programs at work.
  10. Advise on the management and alleviation of stress.
  11. Design, administer, and manage the OH program of the company.
63
Q

Rule stating that employer shall organize and maintain an OH program to achieve objectives

A

Rule 1966: OH Program

64
Q

Objectives under the OH Program

A

→ Assess the worker’s physical, emotional, and
psychological assets as well as his liabilities in order to facilitate his proper placement and ensure the suitability of individuals according to their physical capacities, mental abilities, and emotional make-up in work which they can perform with an acceptable degree of efficiency without endangering their own health and safety of efficiency and that of their co-workers.
→ Protect employees against health hazards in their working environment in order to prevent occupational as well as nonoccupational diseases.
→ Provision of first-aid, emergency services, and treatment, depending on the nature of the industry.
→ Assure adequate medical care of ill and injured workers.
→ Encourage personal health maintenance and physical
fitness and proper nutrition practices.
→ Provide guidance, information, and services for family
planning programs.

Environmental health (17 decks)

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