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Environmental health > Noise Pollution > Flashcards

Noise Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

These are longitudinal waes undergoing successions of compressions and rarefactions (expansions) occurring due to vibrations in a medium (solid, liquid, gas) where the vibrating source is located

A

Acoustic waves

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2
Q

Acoustic waves falling within the range capable of exciting the sense of hearing

A

Sound waves

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3
Q

Unwanted sound or sound that is loud, unpleasant, or unexpcted; disagreeable or undesirable sound

A

Noise

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4
Q

What are the types of noise?

A

Steady Noise
Non-steady noise
Impulsive or impact noise

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5
Q

Type of noise with negligibly small fluctuations of sound pressure level within the period of observation

A

Steady noise

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6
Q

Noise which consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each of a duration less than about one second

A

Impulsive/Impact noise

occur in rare acoustic events

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7
Q

type of noise where pressure levels shift significantly during the period of observation

A

Non-steady noise

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8
Q

Sources of noise and examples

A

Domestic (Movement of utensils, Cutting and peeling of fruits)
Natural (Shores, Birds, Wind movement)
Commercial (Vendors, automobiles, machinery)
Industrial (Generator sets, Motor, Boilers)

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9
Q

How are sound waves characterized?

A

Amplitude of pressure changes (Pa)
Wavelength
Frequency (Hz)
Period

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10
Q

It is the measurement of degree of change of atmospheric pressure

A

Amplitude of pressure changes (Pa)

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11
Q

T or F: Sound waves with lower amplitude will produce greater changes in atmospheric pressure

A

False, greater amplitude

**Silence will produce the lowest amplitude

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12
Q

Distance travelled by the pressure wave during one cycle

A

Wavelength

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13
Q

T or F: Human beings generally have the ability to hear sounds in the frequency range of 30 to 30000 Hz.

A

False, 20 to 20,000 Hz

*Human hearing is more sensitive to frequencies in the range of 500 to 6000 Hz and less sensitive in both the lower and higher frequencies.

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14
Q

It is the number of pressure variation cycles in the medium per unit time (i.e.: The number of cycles per second)

A

Frequency

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15
Q

It is the time taken for one cycle of a wave to pass a fixed point

A

Period

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16
Q

Basic measure of vibrations in the air which make up sound

A

Sound pressure

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17
Q

Sound pressure is expressed in terms of what?

A

datum pressure

*corresponding to the sound pressure level, Lp or SPL

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18
Q

What is the lowest sound pressure which the young normal ear can detect?

A

SPL

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19
Q

What is the minimum acoustic pressure audible to the young human ear in good health?

A

approximately 20 x 10-6 Pa

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20
Q

Why is sound pressure measured in a logarithmic scale in decibels?

A

range of the audible sound pressure is very wide

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21
Q

T or F: Most environmental sounds are made up of complex mix of many frequencies with this variety challenging our hearing systems

A

True

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22
Q

What have been used to determine the relative strengths of frequency components making up a particular environmental noise?

A

Various types of filters or frequency weighing

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23
Q

It is the most common sound weighing wherein weights lower frequencies as less important than mid- and high range frequencies

A

A-weighting

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24
Q

This sound weighting is also known as linear frequency weighting

A

C-Frequency weighting

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25
Q

Where is C-frequency weighting primarily used in?

A

for jet noise or relatively louder sounds

*Used to determine a time-integrated “peak” level with a time constant of no more than 0.05 ms

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26
Q

This weighting tries to approximate the frequency response of our hearing system

A

A-weighting

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27
Q

This weighting is used if the actual instantaneous pressure cannot be determined

A

C-weighting

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28
Q

This is intended to accurately estimate subjective evaluations of the same sound

A

Perceived Noise Level

*initially developed to rate jet aircraft noise

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29
Q

(See Typical Noise Levels of Some Point Sources)

A

(See Typical Noise Levels of Some Point Sources)

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30
Q

average noise level found in a study of noise in kindergartens

A

beyond 85 db (A)

*Most environmental spaces allow 85 db(A) for 8 hours

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31
Q

noise a conductor is being exposed to during a performance of swan lake

A

88 db (A)

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32
Q

exposure of noise level in truck drivers

A

89 db(A)

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33
Q

Staff in nightclubs

A

100 db(A)

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34
Q

noise on pig farms

A

115 db(A)

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35
Q

What are the objectives of noise measurements?

A
  1. Investigating complaints
  2. Assessing the number of persons exposed
  3. Compliance with regulations
  4. Land use planning and environmental impact assessments
  5. Evaluation of remedial measures
  6. Calibration and validation of predictions
  7. Research surveys
  8. Trend monitoring
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36
Q

Why is calibration and validation of predictions needed in noise measurements?

A

Characteristics of equipment can anticipate how much noise can be generated

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37
Q

What happens during land use planning and environmental impact assessments

A
  • If observed area is industrial, residential, etc.

* EIA determines if it would be co-detrimental to the surrounding community

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38
Q

How are sound pressure levels provided?

A

instantantaneous sound pressures are integerated with some time constant

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39
Q

Most meters for measuring instruments include

A

fast-response

slow-response times

40
Q

Fast-response time corresponds to a time constant of

A
  1. 125 seconds

* Intended to approximate the time constant of the human hearing system

41
Q

This corresponds to a time constant of 1 second

A

Slow-response times

42
Q

Why slow-response time?

A

An old concept intended to make it easier to obtain an approximate average value of fluctuating levels from simple meter readings

43
Q

Parts of a sound level meter

A
  • Microphone cover
  • Buttons
  • Scale
  • Fast mode (used if the sound pressure level is relatively constant)
  • Slow mode (used if it is fluctuating or unsteady)
  • Peak mode is used for rare acoustic events
  • Calibrator – specific to the instrument
44
Q

Purpose of sound level meters?

A

To determine the effect of noise, measure at the site of exposure.

45
Q

What is the hearing zone of a person?

A

a sphere with a foot radius with nose at the center

46
Q

laboratory reference standard type of sound level meter

A

Type 0

47
Q

Type of sound level meter primarily for field noise survey applications

A

Type 3

usual along with type 2

48
Q

Type of sound level meter for laboratory use and for field use where the acoustical environment has to be closely specified and controlled

A

Type 1

49
Q

Type of sound level meter for general field applications

A

Type 2

50
Q

Where are noise measurement best taken in if not specified in local regulations?

A

close to the point of reception of the noise

51
Q

If measurements are made close to the source, what must one do?

A

estimate the effect of sound propagation to the point of reception

52
Q

T or F: The location should have a clear view of the source

A

True

53
Q

[Sampling time]

Many environmental noises vary over time such as different times of the day or during different seasons

A

Ideally, the noise is measured throughout the exposure especially when variations of noise exposure occur (average)

54
Q

Why are effects of noise pollution difficult to quanitfy?

A

variations in:
• Tolerance levels among different populace
• Types of noise

55
Q

Effects of noise pollution may cause these

A
  • Deafness
  • Nervous breakdown
  • Mental disorder
  • Heart troubles
  • High blood pressure
  • Dizziness
  • Insomnia
56
Q

[Physiologic affects of noise]

Cardiovascular parameter

A

Alterations in the heart rate and blood

pressure

57
Q

[Physiologic affects of noise] Metabolism parameter

A

Increased metabolic rate

58
Q

[Physiologic affects of noise] Respiration parameter

A

Increased respiratory rate

59
Q

[Physiologic affects of noise] Pupillary dilatation

A

Significant increase in pupillary size at sound levels beyond 55 dB

60
Q

Pathologic auditory effects of noise

A
  • Temporary or progressively permanent loss of hearing

* Transient/Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)

61
Q

It is the temporary hearing loss after exposure to high level of noise
(e.g. after concerts)

A

Transient/Temporary Threshold Shift

62
Q

Pathologic NON-auditory effects of noise

A
  • nervous pain and tinnitus

* sleeplessness: >30dB (A)

63
Q

Pathologic NON-HEALTH effects of noise

A
  • Communication interference: >35 dB(A) !!
  • Annoyance and distraction: >55 dB(A) at daytime
  • Annoyance
  • Decreased working efficiency and work output
  • Fatigue
64
Q

Feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or condition, known or believed by an individual or group to adversely affect them.

A

Annoyance

65
Q

Three major categories of occupational noise control

A

source, path and receiver

66
Q

Three parameters to consider when we want to reduce exposure

A

frequency, intensity and duration

67
Q

[Occupation noise control]

Usual practices would reduce what

A

intensity through encolsing and isolation machines

68
Q

[Occupation noise control]

Practices in reducing frequency and durations includes

A

shift work or job rotations

69
Q

General source of noise control

A
  1. Maintenance
  2. Substitution of Materials
  3. Substitution of Equipment
  4. Specification of a Quiet Equipment
  5. Substitution of Parts of Equipment
  6. Change of Work Methods
  7. Substitution of Processes
  8. Substitution of mechanical power generation and transmission equipment
  9. Replacement of worn moving parts
  10. Minimizing the number of noisy machines running at any one time
70
Q

Control of Noise propagation

A
  • Use of barriers, partial enclosures or full enclosure of the entire item of equipment
  • Use of local enclosures for noisy components on a machine
  • Use of reactive or dissipative mufflers
  • Use of lined ducts or lined plenum chambers for air handling systems
  • Reverberation control
71
Q

Difference between reactive and dissipative mufflers

A
  • Reactive mufflers: for low frequency or small exhausts

* Dissipative mufflers: for high frequency or large exhausts

72
Q

It is the addition of sound absorbing material to reverberant spaces to reduce reflected noise fields

A

Reverberation control

73
Q

Receiver control involves

A
  • use of PPE (headsets, ear muffs or ear plugs)
  • establishment of a sound reducing enclosure
  • Administrative interventions - shift work
  • Training and Education (most important)
74
Q

Effectiveness of PPE depends on

A

noise reduction rating

75
Q

T or F: earmuffs are not recommended when the user has ear infection

A

false, recommended

76
Q

Environmental Noise, Residential Noise, or Domestic Noise

A

Community noise control

*all sources except industrial workplace

77
Q

Main sources of community noise control

A

• Road, rail, and air traffic
• Industries
• Construction and Public Work and the neighborhood
• Indoor noise sources
(Ventilation systems, Home appliances, Office Machines, Neighbors)

78
Q

Three major categories of community noise control

A

Legal, engineering, education and training

79
Q

Legal measures involved in community noise control

A
  1. Control of noise emissions (emission standards)
  2. Control of Noise Transmission (regulations on sound obstructive
    measures)
  3. Noise-mapping and zoning around roads, airports and industries
    (Initiation of monitoring and modelling programs)
  4. Control of Noise Immissions
  5. Speed limits in residential areas and hospitals
  6. Enforcement regulations on low noise implementation plan
  7. Minimum requirements for acoustical properties of buildings (Construction codes for sound insulation of building parts)
80
Q

Control of Noise immissions involve

A
  • Introduction of additional noise apart from the existing background noise; “injection of noise”
  • Limits for exposure levels such as national emmission standards
  • Noise Monitoring and Modelling
  • Regulations for complex noise situation
  • Regulations for recreational hospital
81
Q

These are regulations that show the limitations of community noise and to establish ambient noise quality standards areas within any city, region, or center of urban living shall be classified as follows

A

Ambient Quality And Emissions Standard For Noise

82
Q

A section or contiguous area which required quietness, such as areas within 100 meters from school sites, nursery schools, hospitals and special homes for the aged

A

Class AA

*limitations become more lenient (A > D)

83
Q

A section or contiguous area which is primarily used for residential purposes

A

Class A

84
Q

A section or contiguous area which is zoned or used as a heavy industrial area

A

Class B

*includes small heavy industrial areas

85
Q

A section which is primarily reserved, zoned or used as a heavy industrial area

A

Class D

*includes larger heavy industrial areas

86
Q

A section primarily zoned or used as a light industrial area

A

Class C

87
Q

(see Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas)

A

(see Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas)

88
Q

Engineering measures for noise control

A
  1. Emission Reduction by Source Modification
  2. New Engine Technology
  3. Transmission Reduction
  4. Orientation of Buildings
  5. Traffic Management
  6. Passive Protection
  7. Implementation of Land Use Planning
89
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]
• Low-noise road surfaces
• Changes in engine properties

A

Emission Reduction by Source Modification

90
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]

• Road vehicles, aircraft, construction machines

A

New Engine Technology

91
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]
• Use of ear plugs, ear muffs
• Insulation of dwellings and façade design

A

Passive protection

92
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]
• Speed limits
• Guidance of traffic flows by electronic means

A

Traffic Management

93
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]

What are involved in orientation of buildings?

A
  • Design and structuring of buildings
  • Using buildings for screening purposes
  • Orienting buildings to reduce reflecting noise
94
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]

How is transmission reduced?

A

• Enclosures around machinery; noise screens

95
Q

[Engineering measures for noise control]

What are involved in Implementation of land use planning

A
  • Minimum distance between industrial and residential areas, and busy roads
  • Location of tranquility areas
96
Q

Education and Training involves

A
  1. Raising Public Awareness
    (Informing the public on the health impacts of noise, enforcement action taken, noise levels, complaints)
  2. Monitoring and Modelling Soundscapes
    (Publication of results)
  3. Sufficient Number of Noise Experts
  4. Initiation of Research and Development
  5. Initiation of Behavioral Changes
    • Speed reduction when driving
    • Use of horns
    • Use of loud speakers for advertisements

Environmental health (17 decks)

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