Health And Environment: Local And Global Perspectives

Question 1

Environmental health encompasses ___________ of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.

Answer 1

assessment and control

Question 2

What are the immediate factors affecting man according to the conceptual framework?

Answer 2

(1) health behaviors and lifestyle
(2) socioeconomic characteristics
(3) features of the society
(4) built environment
(5) natural environment
(6) global ecosystem

Question 3

Impact of a health problem measured in financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other significant indicators

Answer 3

Burden of disease

Question 4

Measure of overall burden of disease (gap between current and ideal health status)

Answer 4

Daily adjusted life years (cumulative number of years lost due to ill health, disabilities, or early death)

Question 5

Diseases with largest absolute burden from environmental exposure

Answer 5

Diarrhea
Lower respiratory infections
Malaria

Question 6

The burden of disease causes fall disproportionately on

Answer 6

Poor people and children

Question 7

Why is the number of DALYs about five times greater in children ≤5 years than in the total population?

Answer 7

Children are not aware of the environmental hazards around them

Question 8

Exposure response paradigm

Answer 8

Hazards > Exposure pathway > Dose response > Health effects

Question 9

Source of arsenic exposure in bangladesh

Answer 9

Tube wells

Question 10

Other options for safe water

Answer 10

Treated surface water
Rainwater
Treated groundwater
Deep aquifers

Question 11

Source of diarrhea outbreak in bilibid

Answer 11

Contaminated water from deep wells

Question 12

Categories of quality of water

Answer 12

Microbiological Quality of Water (usual source of outbreaks and epidemics)
Chemical Quality of Water (generally of lower importance) Ex. Arsenicosis

Question 13

Why does asia and africa remain the modt vulnerable to water related diseases?

Answer 13

Greater rate of urbanization in these areas
Decreased urban water supply coverage
(81% of Asians and 64% of Africans have access to safe drinking-water sources)
Urban populations in the developing world will double in the next 25 years

Question 14

Characteristics of high risk water source

Answer 14

Uncovered/unprotected
Latrines are located near the water source and/or on higher ground
Solid waste pits, animal excreta, and other pollution sources are located near the water source
Presence of stagnant water within five meters of the water source (Contaminants may leach)
Containers used for sample collection are unclean

Question 15

Differentiate water borne, water washed, waterbased and water vectored

Answer 15

1. Water-borne (transmission: ingestion of contaminated water, carrier of the infectious agent or pathogen: water• Associated with diarrheal diseases • Ex. cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A and E, amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis)
2. Water-washed (Transmission depends on the quantity of water used, rather than the quality. Types: a. Infection carried by lice Ex. Louse-born epidemic typhus b. Infection of the skin or eyes Ex. Scabies, fungal infections, trachoma)
3. Water-based (Agent spends part of its life cycle in water (ex. snail or other aquatic animals) Transmission: contact with water Ex. Schistosomiasis)
4. Water-vectored (Spread by insects which breed in water or bite near water, contact with water is not needed for infection to occur • Ex. Malaria, dengue fever, filariasis)

Question 16

How can the chemistry of water lead to disease?

Answer 16

1. absence or lack of necessary constituent

2. Excess of a harmful chemical

Question 17

These chemicals come from fertilizers and run off into bodies of water. They can cause methemoglobinemia among infants when reduced.

Answer 17

Nitrates (hazardous above 45 mg/L)

Question 18

an inorganic substance which causes poor growth of bones and teeth in the young when deficient and mottling of tooth enamel when in excess (above 2 mg/L) and stiffness and pain in the joins and skeletal deformities when chronically exposed (4mg/L)

Answer 18

Fluoride

**Fluorosis

Question 19

inorganic substance which is a heavy metal produced from industrial wastes and causes itai-itai disease which leads to osteomalacia and osteoporosis (Toyama Prefecture, Japan, 1950)

Answer 19

Cadmium

Question 20

Examples of organic substances found in water

Answer 20

chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates, organophosphates

Question 21

How can we prevent imbalance of chemicals in water?

Answer 21

proper implementation of policies (i.e.: Enivronmental Compliance Certificate and Environmental Health Impact Assessment: companies to submit plans, profile of area, waste disposal)

Question 22

What are some physical characteristics of water?

Answer 22

Turbidity (blurrness due to contaminants; common in surface water)
Color
Odor

Question 23

What is the environmental health significance of water?

Answer 23

Aesthetics (undesirable=undrinkable)
Filterability (more difficult and costly: reverse osmosis)
Disinfection (agent maybe incased in particles present)

Question 24

__% of the world’s population has no access to sanitation facilities

Answer 24

42 (2.6 billion people; 75% in asia)

Question 25

In developing countries, there is a low perecentge of wastewater treated

Answer 25

14% in Latin America and the Caribbeans 34% in Asia Practically no treatement in Africa

Question 26

Fecal pollution of drinking water can lead to diseases such as

Answer 26

Cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever Salmonellosis, shigellosis, giardiasis hepatitis, poliomyelitis

Question 27

Some barriers to progress in sanitation

Answer 27

1. inadequate and poorly used resources (1 toilet for every 25 people) 2. inappropriate approaches 3. the low importance given to women and children

Question 28

What is the most significant factor affecting indoor air quality in rural areas of developing countries?

Answer 28

emissions from combustion of biomass fuels and coal used for cooking and heating

Question 29

People from the present generation spend __% of time indoors

Answer 29

75-90%

Question 30

T or F: indoor environments trap pollutants

Answer 30

true (levels may be 2-5x higher indoors)

Question 31

air pollution primarily affects which organ systems

Answer 31

respiratory, circulatory and olfactory systems

Question 32

(Sensitive subpopulations to air pollution) | Adults that are biomass users may develop _______

Answer 32

chronic bronchitis

Question 33

(Sensitive subpopulations to air pollution) | Adults that are COAL users may develop ________

Answer 33

lung cancer

Question 34

(Sensitive subpopulations to air pollution) | Children are susceptible to

Answer 34

lower respiratory tract illnesses | molds which have allergic effects leading to persistent rhinitis, sneezing and eye irritation

Question 35

Exposure to this may lead to irritation and inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract leadin to rhinitis, cough, wheezing, worsening of asthma

Answer 35

inhalable particles in wood smoke

Question 36

Characteristics of impact of air pollution on humans

Answer 36

synergistic | air pollutants may settle on surfaces or food so the routes of entry can be through the skin or ingestion

Question 37

Syndrome wherein building occupants experience acute health effects that appear to be linked to time spent in that building (usu airconditioned)

Answer 37

Sick building syndrome

Question 38

Sick building syndrome is usually caused by:

Answer 38

poor ventilation contaminants (chemical and biological) inadequate temperature and humidity

Question 39

Symptoms involved in sick building syndrome

Answer 39

``` dry, itchy skin headaches dizziness, nausea difficulty concentrating, fatigue eyes, nose, throat irritation dry cough ```

Question 40

What are the various environmental changes now occurring worldwide?

Answer 40

extreme weather events thermal stress higher UV radiation in middle to high latitudes food and water shortages toxic persistent organic pollutatnts (POPs)

Question 41

Change in world climate comes from what

Answer 41

alteration of lower atmosphere properties brought by the recent rapid increase in human-induced greenhouse gas emissions

Question 42

Some health effects involved in global climate change are

Answer 42

heat stroke drowning, dehydration, diarrheal disease, psychological trauma malnutrition, growth retardation, developmental delay malaria, dengue fever, other VB diseases

Question 43

at least how many years must be ovserved to actually consider the presence of global climate change?

Answer 43

30 years

Question 44

In the Philippines, regions with high temperature spikes experience what?

Answer 44

drought (i.e.: Isablea province in Cagayan Valley)

Question 45

What are some concerns regarding exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals?

Answer 45

1. Adverse effects in certain wildlife, fish and ecosystems 2. Increased incidence of certain endocrine-related human diseases 3. Endocrine disruption observed in lab animals exposed to certain environmental chemicals

Question 46

What are some examples of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals?

Answer 46

Persistent organic pollutants Natural and synthetic hormones Plant constituents Compounds used in plastic industry and consumer products Other industrial by-products and pollutants Pesticides Personal care products may have small amounts

Question 47

What are some characteristics of EDCs?

Answer 47

often pervasive Often widely dispersed in the environment some are persistent others are rapidly degraded in the environenment or human body or may be present for only short periods of time (trees)

Question 48

T or F: EDCs can cause reproductive disorders (male repro tract abnormalities, decreased semen, early menarche, altered sex ratio) and certain hormone related cancers (breast, testicular)

Answer 48

true

Question 49

What are some methods of taking action in environmental problems mentioned?

Answer 49

1. Interventon implementation 2. Communication and Public Awareness 3. Advocacy and Public Policy 4. Research 5. Education

Question 50

What is the focus of clinical intervention model?

Answer 50

diagnosis and treatment of sick person (to avoid death)

Question 51

What is the focus of public health intervention model?

Answer 51

attaining safe environment and preventing exposure to pollutants

Question 52

The strategies involved in PH intervention model are:

Answer 52

Environmental modification Policy implementation health education and promotion immunization