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GCSE AQA A Geography > Water on the Land > Flashcards

Water on the Land Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the point called where the start of a river is?

A

The river source.

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2
Q

What is the point called where a river meets the sea?

A

The Mouth of the River.

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3
Q

What is the point called where a small river flows into a larger river?

A

A Tributary.

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4
Q

What is the point called where 2 rivers meet?

A

Confluence.

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5
Q

What is the boundary of the drainage basin called?

(Usually marked by high land)

A

Watershed.

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6
Q

What is the point of a river where it gets its water from called?

A

The drainage basin.

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7
Q

Draw and label the Hydrological Cycle.

A
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8
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

Water coming out of plants and rising into the air as water vapour.

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9
Q

What is Precipitation?

A

Water going from air to land. Can be as rain, hail, sleet or snow.

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10
Q

What is Percolation?

A

Water sinking into the rock.

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11
Q

What is Infiltration?

A

Water sinking into the soil through holes, cracks, worm tunnels etc…

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12
Q

What is Throughflow?

A

Water moving through the soil back to the sea.

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13
Q

What is Groundwater flow?

A

Water moving through the rock back to the sea.

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14
Q

What is Surface Run-off?

A

Water running down a surface back to the sea.

Can form rivers.

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15
Q

Draw a long profile of a river.

A
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16
Q

Draw a diagram of a river channel.

A

The river bed should be deeper than it is wide.

River channels are often full of rocks, and as a result the water runs slower.

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17
Q

Using a diagram, explain how a V-shaped valley is formed.

A

Water running off mountains/hills (Groundwater flow) and weathering causes water to get into cracks and to expand, resulting in vertical erosion.

The banks of the river then get steeper and deeper, and mud from the banks falls down the slope. This is called slope transport.

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18
Q

Using a diagram, explain how Interlocking spurs are formed.

A

Rivers do not flow in a straight line, they always bend or meander.

As a river flows along, it cuts into the rock it runs over, leaving an area of land on the inside of each bend sticking out.

These ridges of land are known as interlocking spurs, and the river twists and turns between them.

They are found on the upper parts of a rivers course.

19
Q

Using labelled diagrams, explain how a Waterfall is formed.

A
20
Q

Draw and Label a River Meander at Plan View.

A
21
Q

Draw and label the cross-section of a River Meander.

A
22
Q

Draw, Label and Describe Meander Migration.

A

Meander migration ocurrs when erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside of a meander causes the meander to migrate.

This causes the meanders to migrate downstream and to get wider (The channel doesn’t widen, as deposition and erosion both occur, it’s the actually bend that widens).

(I would slightly angle the diagram to account for river flow, and to show that the meanders will migrate downstream).

23
Q

What is alluvium?

A

Alluvium is unconsolidated material which has been eroded. It is deposited at times of flood (River deposits**).

24
Q

Draw and label a floodplain.

A
25
Q

Using diagrams, explain the formation of levees.

A
26
Q

What 7 factors affect River discharge?

For each one, think of how it can affect River Discharge and how that would change a Storm Hydrograph.

A
27
Q

Define a Flood in terms of river discharge.

A

When water is above the river banks.

28
Q

Define Bankfull in terms of river discharge.

A

When water is at the point of the river banks.

29
Q

Define Underbank in terms of river discharge.

A

When water is below the river banks.

30
Q

Define Baseflow in terms of river discharge.

A

Baseflow is the discharge where only throughflow and groundwater flow from subsurface aquifers contribute to the overall flow.

31
Q

What is an Embankment?

A

An artifical levee.

Note: They may be made from natural materials, the example image is not.

32
Q

Label the below diagram of a Storm Hydrograph.

A
33
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Straightening the river - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Straightening the river works by making the river flow faster. It is Hard management.

Advantages include:

  • Deposition will occur further downstream.
  • Do their job.

Disadvantages include:

  • Can be expensive.
  • Can take time to build.
  • Noisy to build.
34
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Widening/Deepening the river - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Widening/Deepening the river works by increasing the volume of water that the river is capable of holding. It is Hard management.

Advantages include:

  • More water required for river to flood.
  • Do their job.

Disadvantages include:

  • Can be expensive.
  • Can take time to build.
  • Noisy to build.
35
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Artificial levees - how do they work, are they hard or soft management, and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

A

Artifical levees work by steepening the banks so that flat land doesn’t flood. It is Hard management.

Advantages include:

  • More water required for river to flood.
  • Do their job.

Disadvantages include:

  • Floods may occur further downstream.
  • Can be expensive.
  • Can take time to build.
  • Noisy to build.
36
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Dam Construction - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Dam Construction works by Confining a volume of water and releasing it when appropriate - controls a reservoir. It is Hard management.

Advantages include:

  • Strong.
  • Can be controlled.
  • Hydroelectric power.
  • Clean water.
  • Jobs.

Disadvantages include:

  • Expensive.
  • Floods land behind it.
  • Takes time to build.
  • Noisy to build.
37
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Afforestation - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Afforestation works by planting trees so that they soak up the water. It is Soft management.

Advantages include:

  • Looks natural.
  • Absorbs the water where it will later become transpiration.

Disadvantages include:

  • Takes time to grow trees.
  • Takes up some land.
38
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Managed flooding - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Managed flooding works by allowing low value land to flood, so that high value land isn’t affected. It is Soft management.

Advantages include:

  • Inexpensive.
  • Already in place.

Disadvantages include:

  • Can destroy crops.
  • Waterlogged land.
  • People may not feel safe.
39
Q

Discuss the River management technique of Planning/Flood plain zoning - how does it work, is it hard or soft management, and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Planning/Flood plain zoning works by zoning areas where things can/can’t be built (under conditions). It is Soft management.

Advantages include:

  • Inexpensive.
  • Already in place.
  • Prevents people being affected by the flood.

Disadvantages include:

  • Only estimates.
  • Doesn’t actually stop the flooding.
40
Q

Can you name the 7 River management techniques?

There’s no need to expand on them for this card - just name them.

A

The River management techniques are:

  • Straightening the river.
  • Widening/Deepening the river.
  • Artificial levees.
  • Dam Construction.
  • Afforestation.
  • Managed flooding.
  • Planning/Flood plain zoning.
41
Q

Where does the UK get its water supply from?

A
  • 25% from rock (Aquifers).
  • 75% from reservoir lakes and rivers.
42
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of an aquifer.

A
43
Q

Where is the majority of rainfall in the UK?

A

The majority of rainfall is to the west of the UK - moreso the North West.

There is little rainfall down in the south in places such as London, which have the highest population. This gives us issues when trying to supply water to these areas with high demand.

44
Q

What threats are there to groundwater?

A
  • Contamination through chemicals (e.g: Pesticides).
  • Impermable surfaces.
  • Oil.

GCSE AQA A Geography (35 decks)

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