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Biology 1201 > water & life (3) > Flashcards

water & life (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

_… allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

A

Polarity

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2
Q

The oxygen region of the h20 molecule has a … charge

A

partially negative

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3
Q

The hydrogen regions of the h2O molecule have a — charge

A

partial positive

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4
Q

A water molecule is a ___ molecule in which opposite ends of the molecule have ___ charges

A

polar
opposite

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5
Q

oxygen is __more/less__ electronegative than hydrogen
the polar covalent bonds spend more time near the… than the…

A

more
oxygen, hydrogen

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6
Q

Water molecule:
shaped like a ____
with its (number)… atom(s) and (number) ___ atom(s)
joined by _______ bonds

A

h2O
v
2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
single polar covalent

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7
Q

four emergent properties of water that contribute to
Earth’s suitability for life

A

cohesive behavior
ability to moderate temperature
expansion upon freezing
versatility as a solvent

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8
Q

cohesion

A

collectively, hydrogen bunds hold water molecules together

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9
Q

Surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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10
Q

cohesion creates low or high surface tension

A

high

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11
Q

Adhesion

A

an attraction between different substances
ex. between water and plant cell walls
Helps counter downward pull ofgravity

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12
Q

cohesion contributes to

A

the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
Holds water together while adhesion does its job

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13
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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14
Q

water… heat to/from warm air and

A

absorbs
from
Releases stored heat to cooler air

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15
Q

Thermal energy

A

The kinetic energy associated w/ random motion of atoms or molecules

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16
Q

Temperature

A

represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

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17
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from 1 body of matter to another

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18
Q

a calorie

A

is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
amount of heat released from 1g of water by 1°C

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19
Q

“calories” on food packages is actually ___

A

Kilocalories

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20
Q

Joule is

A

another unit of energy

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21
Q

1J = ___ calories

A

0.239

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22
Q

1 cal= ___ J

A

4.184

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23
Q

specific heat of a substance is…

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1°c
1 cal/(g./°C)

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24
Q

water resists changing its temp bc

A

of its high specific heat

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25
Q

Water’s high specific heat can be traced to

A

hydrogen bonding

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26
Q

heat is absorbed whe(in water)

A

hydrogen bonds break

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27
Q

heat is released when

A

hydrogen bonds form

28
Q

how is the air temp moderated in Coastal areas

A

a large body of water gathers heat during the day & summer, while only changing a few degrees, releasing it during the winter and night as the water cools

29
Q

solution

A

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

30
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution

31
Q

solute

A

the substance that is dissolved

32
Q

aqueous solution

A

one in which water is the solvent

33
Q

Why is water an effective solvent

A

it readily forms hydrogen bonds w/ charged and polar covalent molecules

34
Q

a hydration shell

A

each dissolved ion (na and cl from NaCl) is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

35
Q

Hydrophilic substance

A

One that has an affinity for water

36
Q

Hydrophobic substance

A

One that does not have an affinity for water

37
Q

Lol molecules are hydrophobic because they have relatively more _____ bonds

A

Nonpolar

38
Q

The major ingredients of cell membranes

A

Hydrophobic molecules

39
Q

We use _____ to calculate the number of solute molecules in an aqueous solution

A

Mass

40
Q

Molecular mass

A

The sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule

41
Q

1mol = _____x ____ molecules

A

6.02x 10^23

42
Q

The number of molecules are usually measured un

A

Moles

43
Q

1 mole = __ g

A

1

44
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

45
Q

Hydrogen ion (H+)

A

The proton when a hydrogen atom leaves it’s electron behind and is transferred as a proton

46
Q

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

A

The molecule that lost the (H+) proton

47
Q

Hydronium ion (H3O+)

A

The molecule that gained the (H+) proton
Often represented as H+

48
Q

pH scale

A

Describes whether a solution is acidic or basic

49
Q

At equilibrium, the concentration of H+ and OH- is

A

10^-7 M (@ 25°C)

50
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

51
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduced the H+ concentration of a solution

52
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Strong acid

53
Q

Sodium hydroxide

A

Strong base

54
Q

Ammonia

A

Weak base

55
Q

Carbonic acid

A

Weak acid

56
Q

pH of acid solutions

A

Less than 7

57
Q

pH of base solutions

A

Greater than 7

58
Q

pH range for most biological fluids

A

6-8

59
Q

The internal pH of most living cells is close to

A

7

60
Q

The pH of human blood is close to

A

7.4

61
Q

A person can not survive more than a few minutes if the pH of their blood

A

drops to 7 or rises to 7.8

62
Q

Buffers

A

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-
resists changes in ple when either are added to a solution.

63
Q

Buffers typically consist of— that…

A

a weak acid and its corresponding base
accept & donate hydrogen ions to balance the pH.

64
Q

carbonic acid (H3CO3)

A

formed when CO2 reacts with water in blood plasma
one importqant buffer in human blood and other biological solutions

65
Q

how carbonic acid acts as a buffer

A

dissociates to yield bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+)
chemicla equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as a pH regulator
the equilibrium shifts left or right as other metabolic processes add or remove h+ from the solution

Biology 1201 (13 decks)

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