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Biology 1201 > Chemical Context Of Life (2) > Flashcards

Chemical Context Of Life (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms are composed of _____

A

Matter

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2
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass
Made up of elements

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3
Q

An element is

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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4
Q

A compound is

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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5
Q

Emergent properties

A

Properties that emerge from the combination of compounds

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6
Q

Essential elements

A

About 20-25% of the 92 natural elements are required for life

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7
Q

Which elements make up 96% of living matter

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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8
Q

Trace elements

A

Are required by an organism in only minute quantities

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9
Q

Vertebrates require the element ______ for normal activity of _______

A

Iodine (I)
The thyroid gland

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10
Q

Which elements are 96.3% of human body mass (including water) - DONT NEED TO MEMORIZE

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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11
Q

Which elements make up 3.7% of human body mass (including water) DONT NEED TO MEMORIZE

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium

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12
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that still rains the properties of an element

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13
Q

Neutrons

A

No electrical charge

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14
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge
Packed together to form a dense core at the atomic nucleus

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15
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged
Cloud of negative charge around the nucleus

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16
Q

Daltons

A

The unit of measurement for neutron mass and proton mass - which are almost identical

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17
Q

Do we include electrons in the total atomic mass

A

No, because they’re so small that they can be ignored

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18
Q

An element’s atomic number is

A

The number of protons in its nucleus

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19
Q

Unless otherwise indicated, atoms have ______ number side protons and electrons

A

Equal

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20
Q

Mass number

A

The total sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

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21
Q

Atomic mass

A

The atoms total mass can be approximated by the mass number

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22
Q

Find neutrons with

A

Mass number minus atomic number

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23
Q

Isotopes

A

Are two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

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24
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
Too many or too few neutrons can make an element unstable

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25
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change

26
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

27
Q

The electrons of an atom differ in their amounts of potential energy based on

A

Their distance from the nucleus

28
Q

The farther electrons are from the nucleus,

A

the more potential energy they have

29
Q

Electrons shells

A

The different states of potential energy of the electrons if an atom

30
Q

The first shell, closest to the nucleus, …

A

Has the lowest potential energy

31
Q

Electrons in outer shells have

A

Higher potential energy

32
Q

When an electron absorbs energy

A

It moves to a shell farther out from the nucleus

33
Q

Valence electrons

A

Are those in the outermost shell
Mostly determines chemical behavior of an atom

34
Q

No more than __ electrons can occupy a single orbit

A

2

35
Q

Atoms with incomplete valence shells can

A

Share and transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms

36
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attraction between atoms that share or transfer valence electrons causing them to stay close together

37
Q

covalent bonds

A

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

38
Q

Molecule

A

consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

39
Q

A single covalent bond is the sharing of__

A

one pair of valence electrons

40
Q

A double covalent bond is the sharing of —

A

two pairs of valence electrons

41
Q

an atom’s valence

A

the bonding Capacity of an atom

42
Q

valence of hydrogen

A

1

43
Q

valence of oxygen

A

2

44
Q

valence of nitrogen

A

3

45
Q

valence of carbon

A

4

46
Q

electronegativity

A

an atom’s attraction for the elections in a covalent bond.

47
Q

The more electronegative an atom is,

A

the more strongly it pulls shared elections toward itself

48
Q

In a non polar covalent bond,

A

the atoms share the electron equally

49
Q

In a polar covalent bond,

A

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

50
Q

unequal sharing of elections causes

A

a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

51
Q

ions

A

the resulting oppositely charged atoms/molecules when atoms strip elections from their bonding partners

52
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

53
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

54
Q

ionic bands

A

when anions and cations attract each other

55
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds
compounds formed by ionic bonds
often found in nature as crystals

56
Q

Most salts are ____ when dry, but ____ in the water

A

stable
dissociate quite easily

57
Q

Most of thestrongest bonds in organisms are…

A

covalent bonds that forma cell’s molecules

58
Q

Many large biological molecules are held in their functional form by

A

weak bonds

59
Q

A hydrogen bond forms when

A

a hydrogen atom, which is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom, is also attracted to another electronegative atom
often oxygen or nitrogen in living cells

60
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of the charges caused by elections grouping together when unevenly distributed
Strong

61
Q

A molecules shape is determined by

A

the positions of its atoms’ orbitals

62
Q

Molecular shape determines how

A

biological molecules recognize & respond to one another

Biology 1201 (13 decks)

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