Water Balance

Question 1

Substances that dissolve readily in water (ions or polar molecules)

Answer 1

Hydrophilic

Question 2

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3- have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

Answer 2

Outside

Extracellular

Question 3

A major change in solute concentration affects what?

Answer 3

Water distribution

Question 4

What is the function of Mg2+ in the body?

Answer 4

Enzyme activation

Neural transmission

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Membrane is selectively permeable to water and ions

Question 6

ADH relapse has what two important effects?

Answer 6

Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys,reducing urinary water loss and concentrating the urine

Stimulate thirst center

Question 7

What are the common causes of extracellular edema?

Answer 7

Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces

Failure of the lymphatic vessels to return fluid from the tissues back into the blood (lymphedema)

Increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma protein, increased capillary permeability, blockage of lymph return

Question 8

What are the common causes of intracellular edema?

Answer 8

Hyponatermia
Depression of metabolic systems of the cells
Reduced nutrition of cells
Inflammation

Question 9

Methods of water intake

Answer 9

Ingested (drinking) liquid
Ingested food
Metabolic water, by-product of respiration

Question 10

What is the function of K+ in the body?

Answer 10

Regulate water and electrolyte content of ICF
Neve impulse
Acid-base balance

Question 11

When is an animal in fluid balance?

Answer 11

When the water gained each day is equal to the amount lost

Requires regulation of body water content and distribution

Question 12

What three conditions leads to increased release of aldosterone ?

Answer 12

Fall in plasma volume / decrease blood pressure

Increased ECF osmolarity-> Na+ is not reabsorbed

Increased ECF K+ -> stimulate K=excretion

Question 13

ANP release is stimulated by?

Answer 13

Abnormal stretching of atrial walls caused by high BP

Question 14

How does ANP reduce blood volume and BP?

Answer 14

Increase water loss at kidney
Reduce thirst
Block release of ADH
Peripheral vasodilation

Question 15

About 80% of ECF is ____________ and 20% is in _______________

Answer 15

Interstitial

Plasma

Question 16

Hormone-mediated responses to water balance usually affect what?

Answer 16

Dietary absorption and urinary excretion

Question 17

One-third of body fluid is _____________ fluid

Answer 17

Extracellular

Question 18

What is the function of Na+ in the body?

Answer 18

Fluid volume of ECF
Increase plasma membrane permeability 
Body water distribution 
Acid-base balance 
Nerve transmission

Question 19

The higher the aldosterone concentration the more efficiently the kidneys will (reabsorb or secrete)? Sodium

Answer 19

Reabsorb

Conservation of sodium ions stimulates water retention

Question 20

What is the function of Cl- in the body?

Answer 20

HCl in the stomach

Neve impulses

Question 21

Physiological adjustments are regulated by ________

Answer 21

Hormones

Question 22

About 1% of ECF is found is spaces such as lymphatic vessels, CSF, synovial joints, humors of the eye, ect. What is this water called?

Answer 22

Trancellular water

Question 23

What functions of the body require CA2+

Answer 23

Bone and teeth building 
Blood coagulation 
Muscle contraction 
Neural transmission 
Enzyme activation 
Messenger molecule

Question 24

A fluid shift occurs due to changes in _______ of the ECF

Answer 24

Osmolality

Question 25

What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?

Answer 25

Normal cell metabolism and body structure (eg Ca2+ in bone) Facilitate osmotic movement of water Maintain hydrogen ion concentration Production and maintenance of membrane potential and action potential

Question 26

Two-thirds of body fluid is __________ fluid

Answer 26

Intracellular

Question 27

Transient binding of water molecules

Answer 27

Hydrogen bond Bound to others "flickering cluster"

Question 28

_______ is the presence of excess fluid in the tissues (mainly ECC)

Answer 28

Edema

Question 29

What three hormones normally regulate fluid loss?

Answer 29

``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Atrial natriureteic peptide (ANP) ```

Question 30

What is transcellular fluid? Does it have a major role in fluid balance in the body?

Answer 30

Fluid within a body compartment (eg ocular fluid, CSF) No affect on fluid balance of body

Question 31

Where is water lost?

Answer 31

Kidney Skin (sweat) Lungs - exhaled water vapor GI tract- feces

Question 32

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulates ADH release due to (increase/decrease)? In osmolarity

Answer 32

Increase The greater the osmolarity, the more ADH released

Question 33

What does it mean for diffusion to be balanced?

Answer 33

Amount moving into a cell is equal to the amount moving out. Net movement of water is zero and cell volume remains constant

Question 34

K+, Mg2+, Phosphate, and proteins have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

Answer 34

Inside | Intracellular

Question 35

Molecules with no polar bonds, insoluble in water. (C-H bonds)

Answer 35

Hydrophobic molecules

Question 36

What is a solution?

Answer 36

A solute dissolved in a solvent

Question 37

Asymmetrically arranged electrons on a water molecule makes it ________

Answer 37

Polar Slightly negative end, and slightly positive end