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RUSVM Physio II *TWO* > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of sexual differentiation?

A

Genetic
Gonadal-testes determining genes
Phenotypic -tubular and external structures

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2
Q

What is SRY?? What happens in absence of this factor?

A

Testis determining factor

Cortical sex cords develop into follicles and medullary sex cords degenerate =female

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3
Q

In presence of SRY, medullary sex cords differentiate to ______________ cells and cortical sex cords __________.

A

Sertoli

Degenerate

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4
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Male and female co-twins with fused placental

Male produce anti-mullerian hormone and it circulates to female and inhibits her development of internal structures

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5
Q

What is sex reversal?

A

Disagreement between chromosomal and gonadal sex

XX sex reversal
-XX genotype with testicular development
SRY translocation

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6
Q

What are the three main classes of homones?

A

Steroids
Peptides
Eicosanoids

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7
Q

How are hormones delivered?

A 
Endocrine 
Neuroendocrine 
Paracrine 
Neurocrine 
Autocrine
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8
Q

What hormone is neuroendocrine delivered?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

Estradiol and FSH are delivered by?

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

What hormone is delivered by paracrine delivery?

A

Testosterone

Leydig cells to stertoil cells

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11
Q

What hormone is autocrine delivered?

A

Estradiol

Sertoli cells

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12
Q

The strength of hormone action depends on?

A

Secretion pattern
Half-life
Receptor density
Affinity receptor-hormone

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13
Q

What is the half life of a hormone?

A

The rate at which it is cleared from circulation

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14
Q

What is a hormone agonist?

A

Binds to receptor and has the same biological response of the native hormone

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15
Q

Hormone antagonist?

A

Bind to the receptor but it has a weak or not biological effect

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16
Q

What hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH, and Oxytocin

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17
Q

What hormones are produced in the pituitary?

A

FSH, LH, and Prolactin

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18
Q

Protein hormones activate cellular responses by which mechanism?

A

Activate protein kinases via cAMP

Protein kinases produce new protein products

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19
Q

Steroids activate cellular responses by what mechanism?

A

Steroid diffuses through the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane. Bind to receptors and trigger mRNA production

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20
Q

Testosterone is ___________ in a non-reversible enzyme process to produce estradiol

A

Aromatized

Aromatase enzyme

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21
Q

Where is Estradiol-17B produced?

A

Follicular cells of ovary, placental

Also small amounts in adrenal, testis, and other sites

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22
Q

Where is Estraiol metabolized?

A

Liver

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23
Q

Cholesterol is made into adrotenedione in the ______ cells. Adrotenedione is made into estradiol in the ___________cells?

A

Theca

Granulosa

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24
Q

What are the functions of Estradiol?

A 
Mediate sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics 
Uterine development and function
Cervical mucus 
Increase progesterone receptors
Vaginal proliferation 
Mammary development 
Ovulatory LH surge 
Maintain pregnancy 
Bone health
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25
Q

Progesterone is produced mainly by the ?

A

Corpus luteum

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26
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A 
Development of uterus
Myometrium 
Closure of cervix, increased viscosity of cervical mucus
Maintain pregnancy 
Mammary development 
Immune function
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27
Q

What are progestagens?

A

Class of hormones that bind to progesterone receptors

Progesterone-like actions

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28
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Leydig cells of testes

Small amounts in adrenal and ovaries

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29
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A 
Masculinization 
Maturation of male repro structures 
Spermatogenesis 
Male sexual behavior
Muscle mass and bone density (Anabolic)
Erythropoietics 
Increase BMR
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30
Q

What are androgens?

A

Class of compounds binding to adgrogen (testosterone) receptors

Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Androstenedione

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31
Q

What are the two functional areas of the female hypothalamus?

A

Tonic and surge centers

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32
Q

Presence of testosterone has what effect on the Brian?

A

“Defeminize” the brain
Testosterone crosses blood brain barrier and converted to estradiol
Estradiol eliminates surge center

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33
Q

GnRH to the pituitary stimulates the release of?

A

LH and FSH

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34
Q

FSH stimulates what in the female?

A

Follicle growh

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35
Q

What are the two feedback pathways of FSH

A

Follicle growth

Graafian follicles - positive feedback with estradiol to hypothalamus to stimulate LH surge

Negative feedback with Inhibin to regulate FSH release

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36
Q

What does LH stimulate in the female and what is its feedback loop?

A

Development of corpus luteum -> produces progesterone -> negative feedback regulates tonic release of LH and supports corpus luteum until PGF causes regression

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37
Q

The medulla of the ovary contains?

A

Vasculature, nerves, and CT

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38
Q

The Cortes of the ovary contains ?

A

Oocytes and follicles

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39
Q

Describe follicular development in the ovary.

A

Primordial follicle- oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells
Primary follicle -single layer of cuboidal cells
Secondary follicle- oocyte with two or more layers and zona pellucida
Antral follicle -fluid in cavity

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40
Q

What is a committed follicle?

A

Commences development from resting pool

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41
Q

What is follicular development that is independent of FSH or LH?

A

Gonadotropin-independent growth

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42
Q

At what stage does a follicle become Gn-responsive?

A

Secondary

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43
Q

At what stage does a follicle become Gn-dependent?

A

Antral/ Graafian

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44
Q

What cells can be seen in an antral follicle?

A

Theca externa- CT
Theca interna - produce androgens under LH stimulation
Granulosa -produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
->Columbus oophorus
-> corona radiata
-> zona pellucida

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45
Q

What structure is left in the ovary immediately after ovulation?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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46
Q

Theca interna and granulosa cells proliferate to filled the _____________ ___________ and differentiate to produce luteal cells

A

Corpus luteum

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47
Q

Large luteal cells secrete?

A

Progesterone, oxytocin, and relaxin

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48
Q

In the tonic GnRH center, GnRH release is controlled by?

A

Pulse generator

-internal and external signals

49
Q

In the surge center, GnRH release is stimulated by?

A

Follicular wave of estrogen and prostaglandin production in endometrium

50
Q

Release of GnRH from the surge center causes an LH surge that is required for?

51
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A 
Thicken vaginal mucosa
Mucus secretion 
Mitosis of endometrium 
Increased ciliary beat in tubual cels 
Increased endometrial edema 
Myometral activity 
Estrous behavior
52
Q

Progesterone released from corpus luteum does?

A

Increase endometrial secretion
Reduce myometrial activity
Prime brain to enhance effect of estrogen

53
Q

What hormone controls leuteolysis?

A

PGF 2a from endometrium
Ipsilateral in ruminants
Systemic in mare

54
Q

Describe the control of luteolysis ?

A

Progesterone from CL induces PGF release from endometrium

PGF delivered to ovary (PGF into uterine vein, through countercurrent exchange moves into uterine artery ->ovarian artery) -» lysis of CL

In pregnancy- embryo produces signals to inhibit PGF production and maintains CL

55
Q

Breeding seasonality is mediated by?

A

Photoperiod

Reinstalled-> produce melatonin in pineal gland during hours of darkness

56
Q

How does the effect of melatonin differ between short day and long day breeders?

A

Short day- melatonin increase GnRH release (small ruminants)

Long day- melatonin decrease GnRH release (horse)

57
Q

What is the difference between puberty and sexual maturity?

A

Puberty- production of gametes

Sexual maturity-adequate size for pregnancy, delivery, and lactation

58
Q

where do GnRh neurons originate?

A

Olfactory placode

Migrate through the forebrain to the hypothalamus

59
Q

What has a negative effect on prepubertal GnRH pulsatility?

A

GABA, Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

60
Q

What has a positive effect on prepubertal GnRH Pulsatility?

A

Kisspeptin
Most likely mediator of pulsatilty

Not known how kisspeptin plays a role in onset of puberty

61
Q

What is Leptin? What does it mediate?

A

Adipocyte hormone

Infusion of Lenin can precipitate puberty- sense adequate body size and maturity

62
Q

Preovulatory GnRH surge is due to positive feedback of __________

63
Q

Prepubertal, how does estradiol feedback on the hypothalamus?

A

Follicular development -> low amounts of estradiol -> negatively feedback on hypothalamus -> decrease GnRH release -> lower LH -> follicles do not develop and no ovulation

64
Q

Hypothalamic sensitivity to estradiol changes at ______________ and permits development of?

A

Puberty

Larger follicles and ovulatory GnRH (LH) surge

65
Q

Estrous cycle

A

Period from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next

66
Q

What are the three phases of estrus?

A

Follicular phase-proliferative
Luteal phase- secretory
Quinescent-anestrus

67
Q

What hormones are involved in spontaneous ovulation?

A

GnRH -> LH -> estradiol positive feedback -> GnRH and LH surge-> ovulation

68
Q

What is the pathway for induced ovulation

A

Sensory neurons from uterus to surge center ->GnRH release-> LH surge -> ovulation

69
Q

What are the types of cyclicity?

A

Polyestrus -cow/pig

Seasonal polyestrus- goat/horse

70
Q

What are the characteristics of a non-seasonal polyestrus cycle of cattle?

A

18-24days
Proestrus/ estrus/ metestrus/ diestrus
Ovulation 10-15hrs after end of estrus

71
Q

What are signs of estrus in the cow?

A 
Standing to be mounted 
Secondary signs
-mounting,sniffing
-increased activity 
-decreased milk yield 
-clear vaginal mucus
-bellowing 
-swollen vulva
72
Q

What is the breeding season of the ewe?

A

Seasonally polyestrus
Short day breeds
First ovulation often unaccompanied by signs of estrus (silent ovulation)

73
Q

The estrous cycle of an ewe is _________ days, estrus lasts for _____ hours, and ovulation is usually _____________ hours after beginning of estrus

A

13-19 days
36hours
20-30hrs

Diestrus 14-15days- leuteolysis if no embryo present after 12 days

74
Q

Diestrus

A

Corpus luteum present and high progesterone

75
Q

Signs of estrus in ewe

A

Seek out ram
Vulvar edema
Ram with marking harness

76
Q

What kind of estrus cycle does a doe have? How long is the cycle?

A

Seasonally polyestrus- short day breeder

18-24days

77
Q

Detection of estrus in a doe?

A 
Swollen vulva
Rapid side-to-side tail movement 
Restlessness 
Increased focalization 
Teaser buck 
Vaginal mucus
78
Q

Puberty in the sow is induced by?

A

Stress
Boar effect
Hormones

(Around 6months)

79
Q

What type of estrus cycle to sows have?

A

Polyestrus, nonseasonal

Cycle around 21 days

80
Q

What type of estrus cycle does the mare

A

Seasonally polyestrus-long day breeders

81
Q

The cycle of the mare is _______ days long and estrus lasts _______ days.

A

15-26days

5-7days (longer is early season but short in peak season)

82
Q

Dogs reach puberty around _________ months

83
Q

What type of cycle does the dog have?

A

Monestrous, non-seasonal

About 6months cycle

84
Q

How is the estrous cycle monitored in the dog?

A

Vaginal cytology
Progesterone
LH

85
Q

What type of cycle does the cat have?

A

Seasonally polyestuous

Induced ovulatory

86
Q

Detection of estrus in cats?

A

Rubbing against people/inanimate objects
Vocalizing
Posturing

87
Q

Ages of puberty

A 
Sow 6months
Doe 6-8 months 
Cat 6-10 months 
Dog 6-12 months
Mare 8-15months 
Camelid 5months-2yrs
88
Q

What is the estrus cycle in camelids?

A

Nonseasonal, polyestrus

Induced ovulatory

89
Q

Detection of estrus in camelids

A

Behavior response to male -Crush and allow mounting

Tone and edema of uterus

90
Q

What is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Proestrus and estrus
Developing follicles
Estrogen-dominated

91
Q

What is the luteal phase of ovarian cycle?

A

Ovulation to CL regression

Progesterone dominated

92
Q

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

External pudendal artery

93
Q

What nerves innervate the scrotum?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

94
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph node

95
Q

How is temperature maintained in the testicles?

A

4 degrees lower than core body temp

Pampiniform plexus: countercurrent exchange
Scrotal skin: thin with numberous sweat glands
Cremaster: raise and lower
Whole body response: increase temp->increased respiratory rate

96
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

Thermoregulation: countercurrent
Testosterone concentration: countercurrent
Reduced pulsatility: contorted and long

97
Q

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Maintain unique environment for development and maturation of germ cells
Protect germ cells for noxious agents
Prevents autoimmune response to sperm

98
Q

What is the function of the epidiymis?

A

Sperm maturation, storage, and transit

All epididymal functions are androgen dependent

99
Q

What are the two types of penises?

A

Musculocavernosus- stallion, dog, cat

Fibrous- ruminants, boar, camelids

100
Q

The ____________ nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of glans penis (essential for ejaculation)

101
Q

Anti-Mullerian hormone does what?

A

Inhibits paramesonephric duct development in embryo

Low levels in postnatal male- elevated in chryptorchid

102
Q

In the male, LH acts primarily on _________ cells to stimulate the production of ___________

A

Leydig; testosterone

103
Q

Prolactin is secreted by? And has what function?

A

Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and enhances LH-induced testosterone secretion

104
Q

FSH acts on Sertoli cells to promote synthesis of what 4 proteins?

A
  1. Androgen binding protein (ABP)- concentrate testosterone in epididymis.
  2. Inhibin - negative feedback effect on pituitary for FSH
  3. Estrogens
  4. Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
105
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Spermtogenesis

Countercurrent exchange concentrates hormone levels in testes in addition to ABP

106
Q

What is more potent than testosterone as a mediator of sexual development and secondary sex characteristics

A

Dihydrotestosterone

107
Q

Estrogen is produced by what cells in the male and has what function?

A

Sertoli cells
Support spermatogenesis
Negative feedback to hypothalamus

108
Q

What is the function of inhibin in the male?

A

Produced by Sertoli cells

Negatively feeds back to pituitary to decrease FSH

109
Q

Seasonality of GnRH release in males is regulated by?

A

Photoperiod on pineal gland and production of melatonin

110
Q

What is the process of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis -> spermatocyte (via mitosis)
Primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte
(Via meiosis I)
Secondary spermatocyte -> spermatids (via meosis II)
Spermatic -> spermatozoa (morphological changes)

111
Q

What is the difference between spermtocytogenesis and spermiogenesis ?

A

Spermacytogenesis - formation of spermatid from spermatogonia

Spermiogenesis - morphological change of spermatid to spermatozoa

112
Q

What occurs on the epididymis?

A

Sperm acquire capability for motility and fertilization

Stored in tail

113
Q

Libido is determined by

A

Genetics

Threshold level of testosterone

114
Q

What structures are required for erection in ruminants?

A

Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiousm
Ischiocavernosus muscle (pudendal nerve)

115
Q

Emission vs ejaculation

A 
Emission = ejection of sperm from epididymis 
Ejaculation= ejection of semen from urethra
116
Q

What nerves are required for ejaculation ?

A

Affterent- pudendal nerve to spinal cord

Efferent

  • hypograstric to muscles
  • neuroendocrine loop with oxytocin
117
Q

Seminal fluid is produced by?

A

Accessory sex glands- ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourethral

118
Q

What is present in seminal fluid and what is its function ?

A

Prostaglandins, citrate, fructose, zinc, mucus

Sperm motility, metabolism, uterine contraction, DNA stabilization, Capacitation, immunoregulation

B-nerve growth factor (ovulation inducing factor)

119
Q

Copulation

A

Visual stimuli
Penile sensation
Musculoskeletal system
Initiate ejaculation

RUSVM Physio II *TWO* (11 decks)

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