Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Physio II *TWO* > GI2 > Flashcards

GI2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source
Storage of energy
Cell membrane component
Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates requires ___________ from the pancreas

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two phases of biotransformation?

A

Phase 1: oxidation adds a OH group (hydroxylation) or a COOH groups (carboxylation) in smooth ER and mitochondria

Phase 2: conjugation with glucuonic acid, glycine, or taurine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What tubulo alveolar glands are located in the small intestine ?

A

Brunner gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

________ pathway uses a glucose molecule to form 2pyruvate, 2NADH, and 2 ATP

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas?

A

Peptidases
Nucleases
Amylases
Lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway produces what two important molecules

A

NADPH

Ribose-5-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What stimulates the secretion of bile acids?

A

Increase amino acids and fatty acids in duodenum -> CCK release -> contraction of smooth muscle of the ducts and relaxation of Oddi’s sphincter

Reflectory -> ACh -> contraction of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the small intestine and what do they secrete ?

A

Mature enterocytes
Goblet cells- mucus
Paneth cells - antimicrobial enzymes and peptides
Enteroendocrine cells- CCK, secretin, and. GIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A low pH in the intestine stimulates the release of _____________ hormone to stimulate _____________ rich pancreatic secretions

A

Secretin; bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ____________ produces bile and it is stored and concentrated in the _____________

A

Hepatocytes of liver; and gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the important biochemical events that allow the production of energy in the cell?

A 
Pyruvate converted to Acetyl-CoA
TCA
Respiratory (electron transport) chain 
ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation 
B-oxidation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When food is hyperosmotic what is the direction of water movement?

A

Alll water secretion mediated by osmosis

Hyperosmotic draws water from the lateral spaces into intestinal lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed from the intestine directed?

A

Hepatic portal vein passes through the liver

Lymphatic drainage enters blood stream through thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What condition, common in dogs, has pancreatic acini destroyed and replaced by CT

A

Pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What condition has insufficient production of digestive enzymes by exocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the important substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

Glycerol -> glycerol phosphate

Lactate -> pyruvate

Amino acids -> TCA -> oxaloacetate

18
Q

Pancreatic cells have receptors for ?

A

ACh, CCK, and secretin

19
Q

Pancreatic secretions adjust to food composition. Food with high starch stimulates ____________ enzyme production. High fat and protein foods stimulates increase __________ and __________ production

A

Amylase

Lipase and petidase

20
Q

In aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate enters the _______ cycle within the mitochondria

A

Krebs cycle

21
Q

What are the three levels of surface infoldings in the small intestines?

A

Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli

22
Q

What hormones are synthesized in the liver?

A

Angiotensin gen -> prohomrone
Thrombopoetin -> hormone (growth factor)
IGF -> IGF 1 and 2
Hepcidin ->small peptide hormone

23
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to _____

A

Lactate

24
Q

What is the production of glucose from non-sugar molecules and where does this process occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Liver and kidney

25
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

A

Bile acids secreted into the duodenum and reabsorbed in the ileum, transported back to the liver, to be used again (95%)

Only 5% of bile acids are synthesized de novo in the liver

26
Q

What immune system components are present in the small intestine?

A

M fold cells phagocytose bacteria

Antigen presentation in peyers patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Production of IgA antibodies that are secreted in the mucus

27
Q

____________ cells of the small intestine arise from stem cells and differentiate into the cells of the small intestine

A

Progenitor

28
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

Conversion of toxic molecules into non-toxic, water soluble and excretable substances
(Increase polarity of drugs)

29
Q

Brunners glands secrete what? And what is function of these secretions?

A

Glycoproteins and bicarbonate ion.

Protection of small intestine mucosa by neutralizing the acid-containing chyme delivered to it from the stomach

30
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, and lipids

Storage of glycogen, lipid, vitamins, copper, and iron

Synthesis of bile, hormones, and immune system components

Biotransformation of medications, xenobiotics, and byproduct metabolism

31
Q

Glycolysis is regulated by?

A

Phosphorylation /dephosphorylation of rate-limiting enzymes (short term)

Hormonal influences on the proteins/enzymes synthesized (long term)

32
Q

What is bile synthesized from and what important property does bile have?

A

Cholesterol conjugated to amino acids

Amphipathic

33
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed apically by _____ and _______transporters, -pp32wppqand basolaterally by _____ transporters

A

SGLT and GLUT5- apically (Na dependent)

GLUT 2- basolaterally

34
Q

An ______________ pathway uses energy to combine small molecules to form more complex molecules

A

Anabolic

35
Q

What enzymes synthesized by the intestinal mucosa are required for digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Lactase
Isomaltase
Maltase
Saccharase

36
Q

An __________ pathway degrades energy rich molecules to capture energy

A

Catabolic

37
Q

The pancreas produces _________ which must be activated to __________

A

Zymogens; proteases

38
Q

What mechanism is used to store glucose in skeletal muscle and the liver?

A

Glycogenesis -> glucose to glycogen (glucose linked by 2-glycosidic bonds)

39
Q

What are the gland like structures at the base of the villi in the small intestine?

A

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

40
Q

What proteins are synthesized in the liver?

A 
Albumins
Lipoproteins 
Glycoproteins 
Prothrombin and fibrinogen 
Nonimmune a- and b- globulins
41
Q

What is the function of NADPH ?

A

Electron source

  • > reductase
  • > electron transport chain
  • > cytochrome P450 (reduce)
  • > respiratory burst -> NO synthesis
42
Q

Pancreatic juice contains what molecules? And what transporters are involved?

A

HCO3-, Na+, and K+

Paracellular - Na and K
Cl- apical channel

Na/K/Cl cotransporter (basolateral)

RUSVM Physio II *TWO* (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions