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RUSVM Physio II *TWO* > Fertilization/Placentation > Flashcards

Fertilization/Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

Primary germ cells originate near?

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

After an oogonia enters prophase of the first meiosis division it is referred to as a _________ oocyte, which is contained in a __________ follicle

A

Primary

Primordial

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3
Q

What promotes meosis to continue after resting at prophase meosis I to be resumed?

A

Ovulatory surge of LH

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4
Q

Oocyte growth is complete at _________ follicle formation

A

Antral

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5
Q

Following telophase of meosis I the oocyte will make ?

A

Oocyte and a polar body

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6
Q

What is required for geminal vesicle breakdown?

A

LH peak

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7
Q

Following and LH peak and geminal vesicle breakdown, an oocyte goes through ?

A

Metaphase 1- assembly of chromosomes into metaphase plate

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8
Q

What is the ovulation stage for most mammals?

A

Second meiotic division

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9
Q

In dogs, at what stage do oocytes ovulate?

A

Metaphase 1

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10
Q

What occurs during ovulation

A

Oocyte and cumulus mass moved into infundibulum of uterine tube by fimbria

Fertilization occurs in ampulla of uterine tube

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11
Q

Meiosis is blocked at what phase unless fertilized?

A

Second meiotic metaphase

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12
Q

Where does the sperm gain ability to fertlize?

A

Epididymal transit

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13
Q

How is sperm moved from site of deposition to the uterine tube ?

A

Contractions of the female tract

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14
Q

What is the functional sperm reservoir?

A

Isthmus of uterine tube -near utertubual junction

Sperm adhere to tubal epithelium

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15
Q

What is capacitation and how does it occur?

A

Changes in sperm so it is capable of fertilization

  • change membrane cholesterol, glycosaminoglycans
  • tyrosine phosphorylation
  • acrosome reaction
  • hypermotility
  • oocyte receptor expression
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16
Q

What initiates the acrosome reaction?

A

Contact of sperm with zona pellucida

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17
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Fusion of sperm plasma membrane with outer acrosomal membrane
Calcium dependent
Orderly release of acrosoamal enzymes

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18
Q

What is the process of the sperm penetrating the zona pellucida?

A

Sperm migrate between cumulus cells
Attach to and migrate through zona pellucida
Fusion of sperm and oocyte membrane

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19
Q

What is the binding site for sperm to the ZP?

A

ZP3

Binding mediated by oligosaccharides

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20
Q

The oocyte membrane is also called?

A

Vitelline membrane

Less species specific than zona pellucida

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21
Q

Fusion of sperm to the vitelline membrane requires?

A

Completion of acrosome reaction

Postcards all sperm membrane (equatorial region)

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22
Q

How is polyspermy blocked?

A

Oocyte granules are released ton perivitelline space (cortical reaction) ->enzymes released -> reorganization of ZP structure

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23
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A

Haploid chromosomes of male and female enclosed in pronucleus.
Sperm nuclear envelope disintegrates
Male forms pronucleus
Male and female pronuclei migrate to cell center
Nuclear envelopes disperse
Intermixing of chromosomes ->prophase
Proximal centriole of sperm forms zygote centriole

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24
Q

What are the stages of development following fertilization ?

A

Zygote -> morula ->blastocyst ->hatched blastocysts

Undergoes cleavage/reduction division

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25
How is the zygote supported metabolically?
Maternal secretions | Protein sysnthesis at 2-16cell stage
26
How does the bastocyts hatch from the zona pellucida?
Increase fluid in the blastocele Proteolytic enzyme from trophoblast Blastocysts contraction
27
What are the extraembryonic membranes?
Yolk sac Amnion Chorion Allantois
28
What is the process by which the mother "recognizes" she is pregnant?
Corpus luteum - prolonged period of function | Transition to cyclic pregnant state
29
What are the two major stragaties to maintaining a pregnant state?
1. Anti-luteolytic - diversion or inhibition of PGF | 2. Luteotrophic - maintain CL
30
How is pregnancy maintained in the ruminants?
Blastocyst elongates to fill and contact most of uterine luminal epithelium Trophoectoderm produces IFN tau (T) - inhibit oxytocin receptor synthesis - inhibit prostaglandin - simulate endometrial glands
31
How is pregnancy maintained in swine?
Bastocyts produces estradiol Changes direction of PGF secretion by the endometrium PGF in uterine lumen is inactivated
32
How is pregnancy maintained in the Mare?
Suppression of PGF - embryo motility (through uterine horns several times a day) - movement mediated by uterus
33
A polysaccharide-rich membrane between the trophoectoderm and zona pellucida present only in equids
Embryo capsule | -round shape and rigidity necessary for uterine migration
34
How is pregnancy maintained in the llama ?
PGF synthesis or release is inhibited
35
What is eCG
Equine chorionic gonadotropin
36
Placental lactose not is also known as? And is present in what species?
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins Ruminants
37
What is the temporary organ providing support and protection for a developing embryo
Placenta
38
The outermost layer of the placenta is?
Chorion
39
The cavity that immediately surrounds the embryo/fetus?
Amnion
40
What cavity originates as an outpouching of the hindgut??
Allantois
41
How is placentation classified?
Shape Degree of invasiveness Intimacy of attachement Nature of fetal placental vasculature
42
What type of placental interacts over the entire surface of the endometrium?
Diffuse
43
Diffuse embryos are found in what species?
Horse, pig, camelid
44
What type of placenta has attachments at caruncles? What species has this?
Cotyleonary | Ruminants
45
What time of placenta is seen in dogs and cats as a band?
Zonary
46
Humans and mice have what kind of placenta?
Discoid
47
What are the degrees of invasiveness of a placenta?
Epitheliochoridal Syndesmochorial Endotheliochorial Hemochorial
48
What is an epitheliochorial placenta and what species is it present in?
Has both endometrium and chorionic epithelial cells, CT and endothelial cells Horse and pig
49
Syndesmochroial placenta? In what species?
Some degree of fusion between the epithelial cells of the endometrium and the chorion Sheep and cow
50
Endotheliochorial placenta? In what species?
Maternal epithelial cells gone, but chorionic epithelial cells present Dog and cat
51
Hemochorial placenta? In what species?
Fetus invades maternal blood vessels, completely bathed in blood Human, mouse, guinea pig
52
What is an adeciduate placenta? What species has this?
None of the maternal tissue is shed after birth | Horse and pig
53
A semideciduate placenta is? What species has this?
Caruncles shed a couple days after birth | Ruminants
54
What is a deciduate placenta??
Endometrium is passed out with placenta | Dog, human, cat
55
What species have villous placental vasculature?
Pig, horse, ruminant, human
56
What species have a labyrinthine placental vasculature?
Dog and cat
57
What species has cotyledonary, chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial, and syndesmochorial, villous, adequate placenta?
Bovine
58
What species has a diffuse, chorioallantic, epitheliochorial, villous (miccrocotyledonary), adeciduate placenta?
Horse
59
What species has a zonary, chorioallantoic, endotheliochorlal, labyrinthine, deciduate?
Canine/cat
60
What is the fetal period?
Fetus has organs, placenta, limb buds
61
What are endometrial cups, and what is their function?
Cells of chorionic girdle that has migrate to the endometrium Clumps of these cells become hormonally active to produce eCG
62
What is an allantoic pouch?
Where the endometrial cup has been attached by the immune system and expressed from the endometrium
63
What is the function of eCG?
Acts like LH | Recruits follicles -> lutenize -> progesterone production
64
Pregnancy is maintained in the horse by what hormone?
5-alpha-pregnanes | Interacts with progesterone receptors and acts like progesterone
65
What is the function of fetal fluids?
Protection Nutrient reservoir Water reservoir
66
How does progesterone maintain pregnancy?
Placental development and function Myometrial quiescence Cervical closure Immune mediation
67
What physiolocal changes occurs in the mother during pregnancy?
Increased circulating volume- lower hematocrit Increased insulin resistance Decreased residual volume- sensitive to anthetesia Kidney, GI, immune tolerance
68
What is the trigger for parturition?
Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary maturation | Production of CRH-->cortisol
69
What effect does an elevated fetal cortisol have?
Progesterone production changed to androgen production Androgen converted to estradiol Increased prostaglandin production
70
Prostaglandin effect on parturition?
Fetal secretion of CRH | Myotonic
71
Estrogen is synergistic with ____________, causing softening of ligaments and cervical ripening
Relaxin
72
What effect do cytokines have on parturition
Similar effect to an immune inflammatory response Leukocytes to placental, endometrium cervix Enzymes cause cervical ripening, placental detachment, and uterine remodeling
73
What is Fergusson's Relflex
Pressure on cervix, vagina Increase secretion of oxytocin Urge to push
74
What must the neonate do to adjust to postnatal life?
Respiration Circulatory changes Thermoregulation
75
What stimulates the first breath in the neonate?
Fluid compressed from lung during vaginal deliver Cold, tough, sound Central chemoreceptors increase respiratory derive
76
The respiratory rhythm is generated in the ______________ medulla and is modulated by?
Ventrolateral medulla | Chemoreceptors CO2, pH, and O2
77
How does the fetal circulation change post parturition?
``` Change in pressures due to perfusion of lungs Closure of -foreamen ovale -ductus arteriosus -ductus venous ```

RUSVM Physio II *TWO* (11 decks)

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