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RUSVM Physio II *TWO* > Fertilization/Placentation > Flashcards

Fertilization/Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

Primary germ cells originate near?

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

After an oogonia enters prophase of the first meiosis division it is referred to as a _________ oocyte, which is contained in a __________ follicle

A

Primary

Primordial

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3
Q

What promotes meosis to continue after resting at prophase meosis I to be resumed?

A

Ovulatory surge of LH

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4
Q

Oocyte growth is complete at _________ follicle formation

A

Antral

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5
Q

Following telophase of meosis I the oocyte will make ?

A

Oocyte and a polar body

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6
Q

What is required for geminal vesicle breakdown?

A

LH peak

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7
Q

Following and LH peak and geminal vesicle breakdown, an oocyte goes through ?

A

Metaphase 1- assembly of chromosomes into metaphase plate

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8
Q

What is the ovulation stage for most mammals?

A

Second meiotic division

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9
Q

In dogs, at what stage do oocytes ovulate?

A

Metaphase 1

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10
Q

What occurs during ovulation

A

Oocyte and cumulus mass moved into infundibulum of uterine tube by fimbria

Fertilization occurs in ampulla of uterine tube

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11
Q

Meiosis is blocked at what phase unless fertilized?

A

Second meiotic metaphase

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12
Q

Where does the sperm gain ability to fertlize?

A

Epididymal transit

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13
Q

How is sperm moved from site of deposition to the uterine tube ?

A

Contractions of the female tract

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14
Q

What is the functional sperm reservoir?

A

Isthmus of uterine tube -near utertubual junction

Sperm adhere to tubal epithelium

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15
Q

What is capacitation and how does it occur?

A

Changes in sperm so it is capable of fertilization

  • change membrane cholesterol, glycosaminoglycans
  • tyrosine phosphorylation
  • acrosome reaction
  • hypermotility
  • oocyte receptor expression
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16
Q

What initiates the acrosome reaction?

A

Contact of sperm with zona pellucida

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17
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Fusion of sperm plasma membrane with outer acrosomal membrane
Calcium dependent
Orderly release of acrosoamal enzymes

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18
Q

What is the process of the sperm penetrating the zona pellucida?

A

Sperm migrate between cumulus cells
Attach to and migrate through zona pellucida
Fusion of sperm and oocyte membrane

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19
Q

What is the binding site for sperm to the ZP?

A

ZP3

Binding mediated by oligosaccharides

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20
Q

The oocyte membrane is also called?

A

Vitelline membrane

Less species specific than zona pellucida

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21
Q

Fusion of sperm to the vitelline membrane requires?

A

Completion of acrosome reaction

Postcards all sperm membrane (equatorial region)

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22
Q

How is polyspermy blocked?

A

Oocyte granules are released ton perivitelline space (cortical reaction) ->enzymes released -> reorganization of ZP structure

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23
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A

Haploid chromosomes of male and female enclosed in pronucleus.
Sperm nuclear envelope disintegrates
Male forms pronucleus
Male and female pronuclei migrate to cell center
Nuclear envelopes disperse
Intermixing of chromosomes ->prophase
Proximal centriole of sperm forms zygote centriole

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24
Q

What are the stages of development following fertilization ?

A

Zygote -> morula ->blastocyst ->hatched blastocysts

Undergoes cleavage/reduction division

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25
Q

How is the zygote supported metabolically?

A

Maternal secretions

Protein sysnthesis at 2-16cell stage

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26
Q

How does the bastocyts hatch from the zona pellucida?

A

Increase fluid in the blastocele
Proteolytic enzyme from trophoblast
Blastocysts contraction

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27
Q

What are the extraembryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois

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28
Q

What is the process by which the mother “recognizes” she is pregnant?

A

Corpus luteum - prolonged period of function

Transition to cyclic pregnant state

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29
Q

What are the two major stragaties to maintaining a pregnant state?

A
  1. Anti-luteolytic - diversion or inhibition of PGF

2. Luteotrophic - maintain CL

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30
Q

How is pregnancy maintained in the ruminants?

A

Blastocyst elongates to fill and contact most of uterine luminal epithelium

Trophoectoderm produces IFN tau (T)

  • inhibit oxytocin receptor synthesis
  • inhibit prostaglandin
  • simulate endometrial glands
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31
Q

How is pregnancy maintained in swine?

A

Bastocyts produces estradiol
Changes direction of PGF secretion by the endometrium
PGF in uterine lumen is inactivated

32
Q

How is pregnancy maintained in the Mare?

A

Suppression of PGF

  • embryo motility (through uterine horns several times a day)
  • movement mediated by uterus
33
Q

A polysaccharide-rich membrane between the trophoectoderm and zona pellucida present only in equids

A

Embryo capsule

-round shape and rigidity necessary for uterine migration

34
Q

How is pregnancy maintained in the llama ?

A

PGF synthesis or release is inhibited

35
Q

What is eCG

A

Equine chorionic gonadotropin

36
Q

Placental lactose not is also known as? And is present in what species?

A

Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins

Ruminants

37
Q

What is the temporary organ providing support and protection for a developing embryo

A

Placenta

38
Q

The outermost layer of the placenta is?

A

Chorion

39
Q

The cavity that immediately surrounds the embryo/fetus?

A

Amnion

40
Q

What cavity originates as an outpouching of the hindgut??

A

Allantois

41
Q

How is placentation classified?

A

Shape
Degree of invasiveness
Intimacy of attachement
Nature of fetal placental vasculature

42
Q

What type of placental interacts over the entire surface of the endometrium?

A

Diffuse

43
Q

Diffuse embryos are found in what species?

A

Horse, pig, camelid

44
Q

What type of placenta has attachments at caruncles? What species has this?

A

Cotyleonary

Ruminants

45
Q

What time of placenta is seen in dogs and cats as a band?

A

Zonary

46
Q

Humans and mice have what kind of placenta?

A

Discoid

47
Q

What are the degrees of invasiveness of a placenta?

A

Epitheliochoridal
Syndesmochorial
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial

48
Q

What is an epitheliochorial placenta and what species is it present in?

A

Has both endometrium and chorionic epithelial cells, CT and endothelial cells

Horse and pig

49
Q

Syndesmochroial placenta? In what species?

A

Some degree of fusion between the epithelial cells of the endometrium and the chorion
Sheep and cow

50
Q

Endotheliochorial placenta? In what species?

A

Maternal epithelial cells gone, but chorionic epithelial cells present
Dog and cat

51
Q

Hemochorial placenta? In what species?

A

Fetus invades maternal blood vessels, completely bathed in blood
Human, mouse, guinea pig

52
Q

What is an adeciduate placenta? What species has this?

A

None of the maternal tissue is shed after birth

Horse and pig

53
Q

A semideciduate placenta is? What species has this?

A

Caruncles shed a couple days after birth

Ruminants

54
Q

What is a deciduate placenta??

A

Endometrium is passed out with placenta

Dog, human, cat

55
Q

What species have villous placental vasculature?

A

Pig, horse, ruminant, human

56
Q

What species have a labyrinthine placental vasculature?

A

Dog and cat

57
Q

What species has cotyledonary, chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial, and syndesmochorial, villous, adequate placenta?

A

Bovine

58
Q

What species has a diffuse, chorioallantic, epitheliochorial, villous (miccrocotyledonary), adeciduate placenta?

A

Horse

59
Q

What species has a zonary, chorioallantoic, endotheliochorlal, labyrinthine, deciduate?

A

Canine/cat

60
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

Fetus has organs, placenta, limb buds

61
Q

What are endometrial cups, and what is their function?

A

Cells of chorionic girdle that has migrate to the endometrium
Clumps of these cells become hormonally active to produce eCG

62
Q

What is an allantoic pouch?

A

Where the endometrial cup has been attached by the immune system and expressed from the endometrium

63
Q

What is the function of eCG?

A

Acts like LH

Recruits follicles -> lutenize -> progesterone production

64
Q

Pregnancy is maintained in the horse by what hormone?

A

5-alpha-pregnanes

Interacts with progesterone receptors and acts like progesterone

65
Q

What is the function of fetal fluids?

A

Protection
Nutrient reservoir
Water reservoir

66
Q

How does progesterone maintain pregnancy?

A

Placental development and function
Myometrial quiescence
Cervical closure
Immune mediation

67
Q

What physiolocal changes occurs in the mother during pregnancy?

A

Increased circulating volume- lower hematocrit
Increased insulin resistance
Decreased residual volume- sensitive to anthetesia
Kidney, GI, immune tolerance

68
Q

What is the trigger for parturition?

A

Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary maturation

Production of CRH–>cortisol

69
Q

What effect does an elevated fetal cortisol have?

A

Progesterone production changed to androgen production
Androgen converted to estradiol
Increased prostaglandin production

70
Q

Prostaglandin effect on parturition?

A

Fetal secretion of CRH

Myotonic

71
Q

Estrogen is synergistic with ____________, causing softening of ligaments and cervical ripening

A

Relaxin

72
Q

What effect do cytokines have on parturition

A

Similar effect to an immune inflammatory response
Leukocytes to placental, endometrium cervix
Enzymes cause cervical ripening, placental detachment, and uterine remodeling

73
Q

What is Fergusson’s Relflex

A

Pressure on cervix, vagina
Increase secretion of oxytocin

Urge to push

74
Q

What must the neonate do to adjust to postnatal life?

A

Respiration
Circulatory changes
Thermoregulation

75
Q

What stimulates the first breath in the neonate?

A

Fluid compressed from lung during vaginal deliver
Cold, tough, sound
Central chemoreceptors increase respiratory derive

76
Q

The respiratory rhythm is generated in the ______________ medulla and is modulated by?

A

Ventrolateral medulla

Chemoreceptors CO2, pH, and O2

77
Q

How does the fetal circulation change post parturition?

A 
Change in pressures due to perfusion of lungs
Closure of 
-foreamen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
-ductus venous

RUSVM Physio II *TWO* (11 decks)

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