water and ATP

Question 2

water as a solvent

Answer 2

polar molecule with many ions and covelant polar substances will dissolve in it

allows chemical reactions to occur in cells

metabolites can be transported efficiently

Question 3

high specific heat capacity

Answer 3

shc = amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1.c

large amount of energy required to raise its temperature

high shc due to many hydrogen bonds that takes lots of thermal energy to break

provides suitable habiotats

able to maintain a constant temp and reduce fluctuations , vital for maintaining optimal enzyme temperatures

Question 4

latent heat of vaporisation

Answer 4

large amount of energy must be absorbed by water to break the hydrogen bonds and evaporate

advantage for living organisms as a little water is required to evaporate for the organism to lose lots of heat

provides a cooling effect for living organisms eg. transpiration or sweat

Question 5

cohesion and adhesion

Answer 5

cohesion between other water molecules = water can move up the xylem in plants

and creates a surface tension where water meets air ( allows insects to move allong water)

water is able to hydrogen bond to other molecules such as cellulose which is known as adhesion - also allows water to move up xylem

Question 6

hydrogen bonds form between the mkolecules

Answer 6

as a result of the polarity of water hydrogen bonds form between oppositely charged regions of adjascent molecules

Question 7

hydrogen bonds are ___

Answer 7

weak when just a few but strong as there are so many of them

Question 8

what is energy required for in cells

Answer 8

anabolic reactions
move substances across the cell membrane - active transport
muscle contraction
conduction of nerve impulses

Question 9

groups in ATP

Answer 9

phosphate
adenosine (pentose sugar)
adenine (nitrogenous base)

Question 10

why is ATP a phosphorylated molecule

Answer 10

has the addition of phospate to an organic compound

Question 11

what kind of energy does ATP produce and why

Answer 11

short term store as it is small and soluble

Question 12

benefits of ATP

Answer 12

hydroplysis can be carried out easily and quickly by the action of just one enzyme

useful size of energy is released from the hydrolysis of ATP

ATP is stable at cellular Ph levels

Question 13

hydrolysis word equation

Answer 13

ATP —> ADP and Pi

by adding water and a ATP hydrolase catalyst

releases energy in the process

Question 14

benefit of releasing a Pi from the reaction

Answer 14

can be used to phosphorylate other compounds making them more reactive

Question 15

ATP synthesis equation

Answer 15

ADP and Pi —> ATP and H20

water means that this is a condensation reaction

needs ATP synthase catalyst

Question 16

what is a polyatomic ion

Answer 16

ion with many different elements involved eg. NH4+

Question 17

macro vs micro nutrients

Answer 17

macro is needed in small amounts
mmicro is needed in the tiniest trace amounts

Question 18

calcium Ca 2+ function

Answer 18

increases the rigidity and hardness of bones and enamel in teeth
involved in blood clotting
normal muscle contraction

Question 19

Na+ function

Answer 19

main cations in extracellular fluids
affect the transport of water through cell membranes

Question 20

K+ function

Answer 20

main cation in intracellular fluids
contribute to transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions

Question 21

MG+2 function

Answer 21

normal functioning ofmuscle and nerve tissue

Question 22

Cl- function

Answer 22

acid-base balance of blood and the water balance of the body
formation of acid in the stomach

Question 23

PO4-3

Answer 23

formation of bones and teeth
buffer in blood
muscle contraction
transfer and storage of ATP