Water

Question 0

Bonding in water

Answer 0

Oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p4
Two unpaired electrons hydrogen has 2 lone pairs of electrons
Capable of forming a max
Hydrogen bonds form everywhere

Question 1

Water

Answer 1

Hydrogen bonding to one another
Charge distribution
Electronegativity of oxygen
Molecules bent geometry give rise to a dipole

Question 2

Dissociation

Answer 2

Constant motion
Vibrations
Stretching
Shortening of a bond 
Closer together
Instant

Question 3

Cont

Answer 3

Bonds stretch so it forms new 0 h bond
Dative covalent
Creates 2 new species has electrical charge - hydroxonium ion

Question 4

Cont

Answer 4

Dissociation auto ionisation
Abbreviated
Room temp
Reach equilibrium

Question 5

Acid and bases

Answer 5

Acid - substance which hydrogen ions by dissociation
Hcl is strong acid dissociates in water
Physical states of substance are denoted by g - gas aw - aqueous

Question 6

Cont

Answer 6

Bases which can extract proton
Free hydrogen ions
Bases dissociated in water m. Strong bases
Ammonia is weak base

Question 7

Ph as measure of acidity

Answer 7

Molar conc of hydroxonium ions
Ph= - log10 [h]
Hydrogen ion conc in mol dm-3

Question 8

Calculating ph of water

Answer 8

Degree of dissociation measure by equilibrium constant

Ratio concentration dissociated ions to the I dissociated molecules

Question 9

Conc

Answer 9

Conc of water is constant as it equivalent to the density of water
Pure water exists in form of ions
Kw is constant at certain temp

Question 10

Weak acid and bases dissociated in water

Answer 10

Weak acids partially with water gives hydroxonium ion weak base react to give hydroxide ions.
Dissociation is constant
Equilibrium constant for decomposition

Question 11

Cont

Answer 11

Acid dissociation is constant, weak acid reaches equilibrium with conjugate base.
Base dissociation is equilibrium conjugate acid

Question 12

Buffers

Answer 12

Metabolic cells results in production of acids
Lactic acid is produced in muscle tissue
Proteins a d enzyme required constant ph

Question 13

Buffers

Answer 13

Blood has narrow limits
Minimise changes in ph
Resist changes
Mixtures of weak acids or bases and salts

Question 14

Buffers

Answer 14

The water molecule and hydroxonium ion formed are conjugate acid base pair
Equal
Ph less than 7 is acid

Question 15

Buffers

Answer 15

Base in form of hydroxide ion

Preventing the rise in ph

Question 16

Henderhassel Bach

Answer 16

Composed a specific conjugate acid - base
Maintain through its buffering
Ha/a-

Question 17

Life in water

Answer 17

Solids which easily dissolve in water form ions because they charged ion
Interact with polar water molecules
Organic molecule
Polar covalent bonds

Question 18

Cont

Answer 18

Hydroxyl group is highly polar 
Strongly attracts water molecules
The high solubility of sugars 
Organic molecules as alcohols
Doubly bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 19

Cont

Answer 19

Functional group are called carboxyl if acids
Hydrogen is polar
Hydrogen has free h ions
Dissociating losing a proton to water 
Base in accepting the proton

Question 20

Amino acids

Answer 20

Did sociable group
Predominantly proton acted 
Physiological ph 7 
Carboxyl group will dissociated 
Amino group will be protonated

Question 21

Controlling cellular ph

Answer 21

7 is neutral
Radic effects on biological molecules
Organisms can control its internal ph
Buffer against ph changes

Question 22

Summing up

Answer 22

Water is diplomolar which undergoes hydrogen bonding

Water forms hydroxonium ion

Question 23

Biological buffers

Answer 23

Affect acidity
App rotate rate 
Ph of the reaction medium can be controlled
Groups of atoms
Charged or neutral
Has significant effect

Question 24

Cont

Answer 24

Cells and the fluids surrounding the cells
Ph of blood is 7.35
To protect against ph change causes by acidic or basic metabolise

Question 25

Cont

Answer 25

Unit is extreme
When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium the system will adjust to relieve the stress - le Charliers principle

Question 26

Cont

Answer 26

The dihydrogen phosphate / hydrogen phosphate system
Internal fluid of all cells
Hydrogen ion donor ( acid)
Hydrogen ion acceptor (base)

Question 27

Cont

Answer 27

The ability of a compound to act as a buffer at a given ph
It will accept and donate protons
Buffers are most effective

Question 28

Cont

Answer 28

The carbonic acid/ hydrogen carbonate system - blood plasma, equilibrium buffers ph