Bonding

Question 0

Bonding

Answer 0

Electronegativity is a measure of the degree to which an atom draws electrons towards itself.
Polar covalent bond is distorted in equal distribution

Question 1

Bonding

Answer 1

Atoms share electrons in covalent bonds in order that attains a full outer electron energy.greater stability.
Covalent bonded atoms can rotate freely about a sigma molecular orbital

Question 2

Summing up

Answer 2

Covalent bonds formed sharing 2 e between 2 atoms

Coordinate formed where both e in bond provide 1 of atoms

Question 3

Peptide bond

Answer 3

Proteins are polymers of aa
Between the carboxyl group
Causes condensation reaction
Hybridisation of atomic orbitals have same energy level

Question 4

Cont

Answer 4

Max the number of covalent bonds
Stable the atom
3 of 4 orbitals hybridise
Form sigma bonds
E move between p orbitals

Question 5

Cont

Answer 5

Peptide bond has a partial double bond character
Rigid if peptide bond
Reduces freedom if folding 
Double bond character 
6 atoms involved

Question 6

Cont

Answer 6

Peptide bond is invariably found in the trans confirmation
Donation of electrons
Atom make the carbonyl less elextrophiillic

Question 7

Cont

Answer 7

Special amino acid proline 
Unusual in amino group
Proline forms peptide bonds
Ring structure
Lacks a parietal double bond 
Rotation in peptide bond

Question 8

Interactions between molecules

Answer 8

Molecules must interact bind
Initiate an action
Enzyme binding to its substrate 
Hormone binding to its receptor 
RNA being transcribed on DNA template

Question 9

Cont

Answer 9

Regnition
Intermolecular interactions 
Known as electrostatic or hydrophobic in nature
Classify as hydrogen bonding 
Short range

Question 10

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 10

Occurs between water molecules
Electronegative oxygen draws electrons
Slight pos charge
Has two lone pairs

Question 11

Cont

Answer 11

Strong electronegative atom
There is an acceptor
There is a donor 
Has special characteristics 
The bond would be aligned

Question 12

Cont

Answer 12

Distances and orientations
Optimum length 
Occur between purine and pryrinidibe base 
I opposite DNA
Genetic code

Question 13

Charge charge interactions

Answer 13

Electrostatic in nature
Distances between interacting groups not fixed
Acidic or basic group
Has a lone pair of electrons

Question 14

Cont

Answer 14

Interaction may be attractive or repulsive
Charge at physiological ph
Protein has aa
Long peptide chains
Interaction between charged groups ph dependant

Question 15

Short range charge charge interaction

Answer 15

Short distances 
Van der walls 
Weak attraction 
Atom negative charged
Temporary dipole

Question 16

Cont

Answer 16

Induce a dipole
Constant movement 
Redistribution
Complicated
Fluctuating changes
Dipoles constant produced

Question 17

Hydrophobic interactions

Answer 17

Hydrophobic means hating water
It’s a polar
Insoluble in water and does not interact with it

Question 18

Hydrophilic

Answer 18

Polar
Soluble
Positive

Question 19

Cont

Answer 19

Contain electro negativity 
Induce a dipole
Unequal disruption of charge
Water is a polar molecules
Polar groups are general soluble in water

Question 20

Cont

Answer 20

No particularly electronegative atoms

All biological molecules interact and short lived

Question 21

Summing up

Answer 21

Intermolecular are weak
Collectively strong
Hydrogen bonds are strong

Question 22

Solubility in water

Answer 22

Intricately involves solubility 
Solvent - solvent
Solute- solute
Solvent - solute
Biological molecules is lipids inc fats oils and waxes

Question 23

Cont

Answer 23

Fatty acids has a long hydrocarbon chain and is a polar
Terminates in a polar group
Amphipathic
Phospholipid molecules form bilayer

Question 24

Cont

Answer 24

Steroid molecule has choler sterol
Outer membranes of cells
Pharmacology studies show the absorption. Metabolism. Distribution. Drugs on the body