Reactivity Of Biological Molecules

Question 0

Cont

Answer 0

Shapes
Molecular building and construction of biological marcomoles
Reactive sites may have nucleophillic centre or elextrophiillic centre

Question 1

Recat

Answer 1

Optimise yield of a chemical
Metabolic reaction happen in organisms with complex transformations
Reactive sites are more invariety involve function groups

Question 2

Cont

Answer 2

Nucleophillic are electron rich and negative and have lone pairs by hey double covalent bonds.
C=o is polar small pos charge.
Attracted to positive c forcing e

Question 3

Cont

Answer 3

Electrophillic electrons attracted to neg o

Electronegative is found part of a functional group. Generates dipole charge.

Question 4

Additional reaction

Answer 4

Pi covalent bonds to form a new sigma covalent bond with proton.

Question 5

Substitution reactions

Answer 5

Reaction of bromiethane in alkaline produce ethanol b

It is a polar covalent bond

Question 6

Elimination reactions

Answer 6

Consider dehydration from ethanol in acid.
Lone pair of electrons b
Imparts a positive charge.
Loss of water from ethanol molecule. Formation of Ethene

Question 7

Cont

Answer 7

Substitution and elmination reaction the electrons involve forming new bonds or breaking existing bonds always pairs.

Question 8

Free radical reactions

Answer 8

Bonds do not split l. Do not leave odd or u paired electron. Free radicals have a single unpaired electron and produce homolytic of covalent bond.

Question 9

Heterolytic fission

Answer 9

Denoting the movement of a pair of electrons and form ions.

Single electrons products form free radicals. They are unstable. Capture electrons for stability.

Question 10

Cont

Answer 10

Free radicals attack the nearest stable molecule. Stealing an electron.
Free radicals form during metabolism.

Question 11

Cont

Answer 11

Immune system neutralise virus’s

Antioxidants have different chemic that terminate free radical. Electron stealing.

Question 12

Cont

Answer 12

Free radicals are generated by the homolytic cleavage o covalent bond and contain a single unpaired electron

Question 13

Pi bonds

Answer 13

Pi bonds have an electron rich site which effectively acts as nucleophillic reactive site.

Question 14

Functional groups link molecules together

Answer 14

Link to form marcomoles b

Carbs and proteins are polymers. They are linked if monomers.

Question 15

Enzyme catalysed reactions

Answer 15

Provides alternative reaction route an have lower activation energy. Unstable
Short lives in transition states and multiples

Question 16

Summing up

Answer 16

Functional groups need reactive sites on bio molecules have nucleophillic and elextrophiillic centres
Classified as subsititution or eliminations

Question 17

Summing up

Answer 17

Free radicals have homolytic of covalent bonds and cause bond breakage
Pi molecular orbitals provides additional nucleophillic reactive sites

Question 18

Summing up

Answer 18

2 electrons of the pi bond are used to add additional atoms or groups across the double bond