WASH Flashcards
1
Q
Learning Objectives
A
- Understand the importance of good hygiene practices in Conflict & Catastrophe situations.
- Understand the importance of the provision of safe drinking water and how this may be delivered.
- Understand how environmental risks might be reduced.
- Consider the conditions necessary to allow people to live with good health, dignity, comfort, and security.
2
Q
What are the different levels of safety measures when it comes to someone taking a dump? VD
A
- When a person takes a dump
- Having a toilet barrier will prevent Fluid, Fields/floors/Flies from becoming contaminated
- But contamination can still occur by hand
3
Q
How does having a safe water Barrier from fluids prevent contamination?
A
- A safe water barrier from fluids prevents:
- Contamination to a new host
- Contaminated Foods
4
Q
How does having a Hygiene barrier from fluids prevent contamination?
A
- Prevents contamination from Fluids, Fields/floors, Flies and hands
- Prevents these from going into foods and entering a new host
5
Q
Why is WASH important?
A
- Diarrhoeal disease is second-leading cause of death in children under 5.
- Diarrhoea kills ~525,000 children under-5 each year
- That means: ~1 child dies from a diarrhoeal infection each minute.
- Majority of diarrhoeal disease can be prevented through safe drinking water and adequate sanitation & hygiene
6
Q
By how much, would water, sanitation and hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries?
A
- Hand washing: 43%
- Sanitation: 32%
- Water quality household: 35%
- Water quality source: 11%
- Water supply (quality & quantity): 25%
7
Q
Why is WASH important?
What is the SDG 6 goal?
A
- WASH is a part of the SDG goals
- SDG 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
8
Q
What are the results of clean water and sanitation as of 2022?
A
- As of 2022:
- 2.2 billion people lacked safely-managed drinking water: 703 million of those had no basic water source at all
- 3.5 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation: 1.5 billion of those has no basic sanitation services
- 2 billion people lacked a basic hand washing facility: 653 million of those had no hand washing facility at all
9
Q
What are the principles of WASH response?
A
VD
10
Q
What are the standards of a WASH response?
A
- Sphere Handbook sets out minimum standards across 6 domains
- Access to water: 15 L/person/day within 500m of household
- Sanitation facilities: Basic toilet per household, Appropriate privacy, hygiene, and security
- Hygiene promotion: Promote handwashing, safe food handling, safe waste
11
Q
What are the priorities of emergency water supply?
A
- Identify and set-up water supply and distribution for affected population and households
- Install institutional water supply (HCF, schools, feeding centres)
- Monitor needs, accessibility, equity, and gaps
- Plan for contingencies: Weather events, Population movements, Disease outbreaks
12
Q
What are the water requirements?
A
- Max 250 people per tap
- 500 people per hand pump
- 400 people per open hand well
- 100 people per laundry facility
- 50 people per bathing facility
13
Q
What is the immediate response for water supply?
A
- Storage bladders/tanks
- Treatment units
- Distribution network
- Water trucking
- Household water treatment and storage
- Jerry can distribution
14
Q
What is the medium to long term response to water supply?
A
- Rehabilitation of existing water points: Equipping, cleaning, repairing
- Development of new water points: Drilling, Jetting, Spring protection, Gravity system, Pumping station
15
Q
What are the key considerations for water supply?
A
- Identify most appropriate sources: Environmental impacts, Seasonal variations in water supply (drought/floods)
- Determine quantity required and systems needed to deliver: Safe and equitable for all community members, Maintenance systems, Sustainability
- Appropriate drainage: Reuse water (vegetable gardens, brick-making, irrigation), Risk of stagnant water?
- Phased approach: Limit water trucking
16
Q
How do you choose a water source?
A
- Availability, safety, proximity, and sustainability of a sufficient quantity of water
- Need for, and feasibility of, water treatment: bulk or household level
- Social, political, or legal factors affecting source control: Controversy, especially during conflicts, Ensure equitable access for women, children, disabled, and elderly people
- Quantity over quality
17
Q
How is bulk treatment for water carried out?
A
- Sedimentation: Setting out physical impurities
- Coagulation & Flocculation: Removal of suspension solids, Not disinfection
- Chlorination: Quick, comprehensive destruction of pathogens, Residual chlorine 0.2 – 0.5 mg/L
18
Q
What is Household Water Treatment and Storage? (HWTS)
A
- Aim: “reduce diarrhoea and improve microbiological quality of stored household water” – The Sphere Handbook, 2018
- Boiling
- Chlorination
- Solar disinfection (SODIS)
- Straining (through cloth) Sedimentation Filtration
19
Q
Sanitation
A
20
Q
What are the priorities of Emergency Sanitation?
A
- Identify and set-up sanitation facilities for affected populations and households
- Install institutional sanitation facility (HCF, schools, feeding centres)
- Monitor needs, accessibility, equity, and gaps
- Plan for contingencies: Weather events, Population movements, Disease outbreak
21
Q
What are sanitation requirements?
A
- Communal toilets: minimum 1 per 50 people (should improve ASAP to…)
- Minimum 1 shared toilet per 20 people: 3:1 for female to male toilets
- Maximum 50 metres between dwelling and shared toilet
- Sphere Handbook sets out further standards for minimum numbers of toilets in community, public places and institutions (long-term response)
22
Q
What is the immediate response for sanitation?
A
- Controlled defecation field
- Shallow trench latrine
- Deep trench latrine
- Shallow family latrine
- Bucket latrine
- Bio-degradable bag latrine
- Chemical toilets
23
Q
What is the medium to long term response for sanitation?
A
- Simple pit latrines
- Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines
- Pour flush latrines
- Septic tanks
- Portable
- Elevated latrines
24
Q
What is the Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine?
A
VD
25
Q
What are some key considerations involving Sanitation?
A
- Cleaning and maintenance: Voluntary or paid attendants
- Fill-rate, life span, and de-sludging
- Accessibility: Minimum ratio of 1 single-access, gender-neutral toilet with ramp or level entries + enhanced accessibility per 250 people
- Safety & security: Internal locks and adequate lighting, Safe locations – vulnerability to attack?
- Water & anal cleansing material
- Opening hours
- Menstrual hygiene management
26
Q
List the outcomes of Hygiene Promotion?
A
- Ensures proper and optimal use of facilities
- Supports participation and accountability
- Monitor acceptability and impact on health
- Community engagement is critical
27
Q
List a few Hygiene requirements
A
- 2x water containers per household, 10-20L each: One for collection, one for storage
- 250g pp of soap for bathing per month
- 200g pp of soap for laundry per month
- Soap & water at handwashing station: One station per shared toilet or one per household
- Means of collecting/disposing of children’s faeces: Potty, scoop, or nappies
28
Q
What are the key considerations for Hygiene promotion?
A
- Identify essential hygiene items required: Differing needs among population (men, women, children, elderly, disabilities), Environmental hygiene (cleaning equipment)
- Provide timely access to essential items: Assess availability
- Work with stakeholders for acquisition: Timing, location, content, intended recipients
- Seek feedback from affected population: Appropriateness, Satisfaction
29
Q
What is menstrual hygiene & incontinence?
A
- Dedicated lidded container for pad/cloth storage & soaking
- Rope & pegs for drying
30
Q
How is Menstrual hygiene carried out?
A
- Absorbant cotton material (4m2/yr) OR
- Disposable pads (15/mth) OR
- Reusable sanitary pads (6/yr) as preferred
- Underwear (6/yr)
- Extra soap (250g/mth)
31
Q
How is incontinence (urinary & faecal) carried out?
A
- Absorbent cotton material (8m2/yr) OR disposable pads (150/mth) OR reusable incontinence underwear (12/yr)
•Underwear (12/yr)
•Extra soap (500g bathing + 500g laundry /mth)
•2x washable, leak-proof mattress protectors
•Additional water containers
•Bleach/disinfectant (3L/yr, non-diluted)
•Bed pan & urinal bottles (M+F), commode
32
Q
WASH in healthcare facilities
A
33
Q
What is the importance of WASH in healthcare facilities?
A
- Weaker health condition
- Increased risk of infection, disease and potentially new pathogens
- Enables curative interventions
- Prevents patients from being infected secondary disease during treatment
34
Q
What are the key considerations for healthcare facilities?
A
- Infection prevention & control (IPC)
- Water quantity & quality: Varying requirements for disease burden (e.g., cholera)
- Excreta management
- Healthcare waste: Environmental impact
- PPE: Risk mitigation (IPC protocols)
- Management of the dead
35
Q
What is waste segregation?
A
VD
36
Q
What do we do once a disease outbreak occurs?
A
- Always follow up-to-date technical guidance
- Ensure chlorine is available to make varying conc solutions for disinfection
- 1 toilet per 20 patients (high-risk: 1 per 5 pts)
- Dead body mgmt.: 0.5% or 2% Cl soln + double body bags
- Increase water supply
- Assess PPE requirement based on anticipated exposure
37
Q
What are the different methods for delivering WASH?
A
VD
38
Q
Summary
A
- Access to WASH is a human right: Critical in meeting health needs of affected population
- Facets of WASH response: Water supply, Sanitation, Excreta management, Solid waste management, Vector control, Hygiene promotion, Disease outbreaks & healthcare facilities
- Sphere Handbook sets out standards: Requirements are recommended minimum, but should be improved upon where appropriate
- Vital to engage with stakeholders every step of the way
