W8 - Practise Structure

Question 1

What are the 2 types of changes that can occur in the brain?

Answer 1

Change in amount of brain tissue or grey matter of the brain.

Change in the connections between different parts of the brain.

Question 2

What has been shown to happen to the brain w/in 2 weeks of practise?

Answer 2

Structural changes

Which are still often seen over a year after you finish practising.

Question 3

What does Anders Ericsson state?

Answer 3

We need 10,000 hrs of practise in order to accomplish anything. – Early Specialisaiton.

Question 4

What must practise be under Anders Ericssons theory of early specialisation?

Answer 4

Deliberate

Designed

Structured

Question 5

Theory of Early specialisation

Answer 5

Belief that selecting 1 sport + excluding others will ⬆️ the likelihood of athletic success

Question 6

What does the traditional theory suggest?

Answer 6

Learning occurs linearly so:

Cognitive –> Associative –> Autonomous

+ that we usually train our ability to perform by minimising variability + correcting movement errors.

So we try to make movement correct before moving onto the next variation of the movement.

Question 7

Retention tests

Answer 7

Skill is performed in the same condition as training

Can be immediate after training or delayed (i.e 24hrs -7 days after training)

Question 8

Transfer tests

Answer 8

Skill is performed in a similar but different cond than training.

No specific time period.

Question 9

Characteristics of blocked practise

Answer 9

Same movement repeated

Movement refined or corrected before proceeding

Learners conc on 1 task at a time

In line w/ deliberate practise models

Question 10

Characteristics of variable (Random) practise

Answer 10

Different tasks or different variations of the same task

No particular order

Little or no repetition

Question 11

Contextual interference (CI)

Answer 11

Amount of variability = amount of CI

Continuum from low CI (blocked practise) - high (variable practise).

Question 12

What do higher levels of CI lead to?

Answer 12

Higher levels of CI (more varied practise) leads to worse perf in practise but improved perf in comp.

== CI effect

Question 13

List the theories about why blocked + variable practise work the way they do

Answer 13

Elaboration hypothesis

Forgetting hypothesis

Schema Theory

Question 14

What happens when performers practise in conditions with a high level of CI?

Answer 14

Often leads to reduced perf in practise but improved perf in retention tests.

2 hypotheses that have been proposed to describe this effect:

• Elaboration hypothesis
• Forgetting/Spacing hypothesis

Question 15

Elaboration hypothesis

Answer 15

Suggests that contextual interference causes perf to gain a better understanding of the differences between movements.

Question 16

Forgetting/Spacing hypothesis

Answer 16

Suggests that by constantly switching between tasks the perf forgets how to perf a task + has to formulate a new action plan each time they encounter a task.

= Makes task more challenging during initial learning but makes it easier for the perf to generate a plan to perf the movement in future sessions.

Question 17

Schema Theory

Answer 17

States that we acquire rules about how to perform the movement during practise.

These movement parameters can then be used to perform different versions of the same movement.

Random practise has been suggested to play a role in the development of schema.

Question 18

Specificity of Learning Henry (1960)

Answer 18

In order for learning to occur, the practise env should be as close as possible to the perf env.