W5 - Implicit Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps taken when executing or practising a skill or task?

A

Consider aspects of task

Execute task

Evaluate outcome

Determine aspects of action needing change

Explicit rules/knowledge emerge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of motor learning

A

Cognitive

Associative

Autonomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 ways in which motor skills can be learned?

A

Implicitly or Explicitly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Implicit learning/processes

A

Ability to acquire new skill w/out incr in knowledge about the skill perf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explicit learning/processes

A

Uses declarative/propositional knowledge to build up a set of perf rules to guide motor perf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which has a slow acquisition?

A

Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which is verbally based?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Explicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which is typically unavailable to conscious inspection + difficult to verbalise?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is expected to be dependent on the working memory?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Explicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which has immunity to reinvestment?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which has robustness to stress?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In which are people consciously aware of info being processed?

Implicit or explicit learning/processes

A

Explicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What has research demonstrated about implicit vs explicit learning?

A

That learning implicitly offers better retention over time w/ less skill loss than explicit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does implicit learning have greater resistance to than explicit learning?

A

To the effects of psychological:

  • Stress
  • Disorders
  • Dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can declarative knowledge be transformed into procedural knowledge?

A

Through excessive repetition to become an automatic skill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which is slower to develop?

Procedural or declarative knowledge?

A

Procedural

  • Can be developed through repetition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does procedural knowledge occur?

A

W/out attention awareness or higher cognitive processing

18
Q

What are the main mechanisms of creating an implicit learning environment?

A

Dual task learning

Errorless learning

Analogy learning

19
Q

How can we tell if learning was implicit?

A

No. of rules generated - fewer if you can’t verbalise what you’re saying.

Movement measures

Probe reaction time - implicit learners have faster than explicit.

Neural measures

20
Q

Who came up with the Working Memory Model?

A

Baddeley & Hitch

1974

21
Q

Capacity of the Working Memory

22
Q

Whats in the working memory

A

Multi-component system:

  • Central executive
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic buffer
23
Q

What is the working memory important for?

A

Reasoning, learning + comprehension.

24
Q

Where is info held + manipulated?

A

Working memory

25
What happens if theres too much in one of the multi components of the working memory?
The central executive (a.k.a conductor) kicks in to prioritise which component takes over.
26
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Inner eye Stores + processes info in a visual or spatial form. Used for navigation
27
What is the phonological loop?
Deals w/ spoken + written material
28
What is the central executive component?
Directs attention + gives priority to particular activities. Baddeley suggests that it controls attentional processes rather than acting as a memory store.
29
Self-focus theory of Choking (a.k.a Explicit monitoring theory)
States that pressure ⬆️ monitoring of explicit processes by shifting mental processes from automatic to controlled.
30
What is top-down processing?
Drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new info.
31
What is bottom-up processing?
Focuses on interpreting sensory info in real-time. Would function in a series of events that began w/ the intake of new sensory info, sensory receptors would send signals to brain where it processes them to construct a perception based off the signals received.
32
Which is data-driven? Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
33
Which relies on knowledge + experiences? Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Top-down
34
Which is schema driven? Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Top-down
35
Which relies on sensory information? Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
36
Which takes place in real time? Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
37
Theory of reinvestment
Manipulation of conscious, explicit, rule based knowledge, by working memory, to control the mechanics of 1s movement during motor output. Masters & Maxwell, 2004.
38
What does contextual interference refer to?
Refers to the interference experienced when practising multiple skills or variations of a skill w/in a single practise session.
39
When does low contextual interference occur?
When the same skill is practised repeatedly.
40
When does high contextual interference occur?
When a different skill is practiced 1 after the other.
41
What does low contextual interference typically produce?
Consistent + successful performance during practise Learning taking place is often small.
42
What does high contextual interference typically produce?
Less successful performance during practise but learning is greater