W5 - Implicit Motor Learning Flashcards
What are the steps taken when executing or practising a skill or task?
Consider aspects of task
Execute task
Evaluate outcome
Determine aspects of action needing change
Explicit rules/knowledge emerge
What are the 3 types of motor learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What are the 2 ways in which motor skills can be learned?
Implicitly or Explicitly
Implicit learning/processes
Ability to acquire new skill w/out incr in knowledge about the skill perf.
Explicit learning/processes
Uses declarative/propositional knowledge to build up a set of perf rules to guide motor perf.
Which has a slow acquisition?
Implicit
Which is verbally based?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Explicit
Which is typically unavailable to conscious inspection + difficult to verbalise?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Implicit
Which is expected to be dependent on the working memory?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Explicit
Which has immunity to reinvestment?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Implicit
Which has robustness to stress?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Implicit
In which are people consciously aware of info being processed?
Implicit or explicit learning/processes
Explicit
What has research demonstrated about implicit vs explicit learning?
That learning implicitly offers better retention over time w/ less skill loss than explicit.
What does implicit learning have greater resistance to than explicit learning?
To the effects of psychological:
- Stress
- Disorders
- Dysfunction
How can declarative knowledge be transformed into procedural knowledge?
Through excessive repetition to become an automatic skill.
Which is slower to develop?
Procedural or declarative knowledge?
Procedural
- Can be developed through repetition.
How does procedural knowledge occur?
W/out attention awareness or higher cognitive processing
What are the main mechanisms of creating an implicit learning environment?
Dual task learning
Errorless learning
Analogy learning
How can we tell if learning was implicit?
No. of rules generated - fewer if you can’t verbalise what you’re saying.
Movement measures
Probe reaction time - implicit learners have faster than explicit.
Neural measures
Who came up with the Working Memory Model?
Baddeley & Hitch
1974
Capacity of the Working Memory
Limited
Whats in the working memory
Multi-component system:
- Central executive
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Phonological loop
- Episodic buffer
What is the working memory important for?
Reasoning, learning + comprehension.
Where is info held + manipulated?
Working memory
What happens if theres too much in one of the multi components of the working memory?
The central executive (a.k.a conductor) kicks in to prioritise which component takes over.
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Inner eye
Stores + processes info in a visual or spatial form.
Used for navigation
What is the phonological loop?
Deals w/ spoken + written material
What is the central executive component?
Directs attention + gives priority to particular activities.
Baddeley suggests that it controls attentional processes rather than acting as a memory store.
Self-focus theory of Choking (a.k.a Explicit monitoring theory)
States that pressure ⬆️ monitoring of explicit processes by shifting mental processes from automatic to controlled.
What is top-down processing?
Drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new info.
What is bottom-up processing?
Focuses on interpreting sensory info in real-time.
Would function in a series of events that began w/ the intake of new sensory info, sensory receptors would send signals to brain where it processes them to construct a perception based off the signals received.
Which is data-driven?
Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
Which relies on knowledge + experiences?
Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Top-down
Which is schema driven?
Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Top-down
Which relies on sensory information?
Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
Which takes place in real time?
Bottom-up or top-down processing?
Bottom-up
Theory of reinvestment
Manipulation of conscious, explicit, rule based knowledge, by working memory, to control the mechanics of 1s movement during motor output.
Masters & Maxwell, 2004.
What does contextual interference refer to?
Refers to the interference experienced when practising multiple skills or variations of a skill w/in a single practise session.
When does low contextual interference occur?
When the same skill is practised repeatedly.
When does high contextual interference occur?
When a different skill is practiced 1 after the other.
What does low contextual interference typically produce?
Consistent + successful performance during practise
Learning taking place is often small.
What does high contextual interference typically produce?
Less successful performance during practise but learning is greater
