W2 & 3- Anxiety, Reinvestment & Focus of Attention in Sport Flashcards
Theory of reinvestment
In some situations, performers ‘reinvest’ cognitive effort into using movement cues from earlier stages of learning.
This can cause stiffening + freeze their degrees of freedom again.
== Anxiety = Internal focus = Behaviour change i.e adopting cognitive stage of learning effects.
Constrained action hypothesis
People freeze deg of freedom around invariant features of movement that they are thinking about.
Define attention
“Taking possession by the mind, in clear & vivid form, of one out of what seems several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration of consciousness are the essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others” William James (1890)
What type of resource is attention
Limited
w/ limited capacity to process info from env or to focus on more than a few things at a time.
= Why selective attention is req.
What are the 2 types of focus into which attention is divided into?
Internal
External
Internal attention
Directing focus inwards towards the mechanics of the movement i.e movement of leg
External attention
Focusing attention on the effects of the movement on the env
i.e movement of ball
Which type of attention focus has proven to be the most beneficial to skill performance?
External focus
Who proposed the Constrained Action Hypothesis?
Wulf, McNevin + Shea
2001
What was the purpose of the Constrained Action Hypothesis?
To explain the benefits of an external focus of attention.
What does the Constrained Action Hypothesis state?
That trying to consciously control ones movements (internal focus) constrains the motor system by interfering w/ the automatic control process.
Whereas focusing on the movement effect (external focus) promotes the use of automatic control processes.
To who have benefits been shown for with the use of external focus?
Ind w/ Parkinson’s disease, stroke survivors + children w/ intellectual disabilities.
Alternative hypothesis to the Constrained Action Hypothesis
Self-Invoking Trigger Hypothesis
Who came up with the Self-Invoking trigger hypothesis
Wulf + Lewthwaite
2010
What does the Self-invoking trigger hypothesis state?
That the mere mention of the performers body provokes implicit, probably unconscious, access to the self.
This self-focus may lead to self-evaluation + active self-regulatory processes + result in “micro-choking” episodes.
