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microbio > w8 exercise physiology > Flashcards

w8 exercise physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pair of muscles that can pull the same bone in opposite directions

A

antagonists

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2
Q

what are fascicles

A

a bundle of structures, such as nerve or muscle fibers or conducting vessels in plants

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3
Q

what makes up muscle

A

fasicles

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4
Q

myofibrils

A

basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell

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5
Q

actin and myosin which is thick or thin

A

actin - thin
myosin - thick

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6
Q

Z lines contain what protein and do what

A

alpha-actinin

defines the lateral boundaries of the sarcomere and anchores thin, titin and nebulin filaments

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7
Q

dark area between 2 Z lines that contains what filaments

A

A band, thick and thin filaments

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8
Q

light band either side of Z line and contains what filaments

A

I band, contains thin filaments

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9
Q

light area located in the middle of A band and contain what filaments

A

thick filaments

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10
Q

dark line in middle of sarcomere that contains what proteins that are critical for organization and alignment of thick filaments

A

M line, myomesin protein, thick filaments

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11
Q

thin filaments include what

A

actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

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12
Q

what plays a key role in regulating muscle contraction

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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13
Q

what does the alkali light chain do of myosin muscle

A

stablize myosin head

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14
Q

what does the regulatory light chain do of myosin muscle

A

regulate APTase activity of myosin

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15
Q

when does a muscle contract

A

when thin filaments slide along thick filaments

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16
Q

signals from what system, conveyed by what are required to initiate and sustain muscle contraction

A

signals from CNS, conveyed by motor neurons

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17
Q

when a motor neuron sends out an action potential, its synaptic terminals release what neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synapse to the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

what is released from the ER when a motor neuron stimulates muscle contraction

A

Ca2+

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19
Q

action potential causes channels in the ER to open, releasing what where

A

releasing Ca2+ into the cytoplasmic fluid

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20
Q

when muscle fiber is in resting state, what blocks what

A

tropomyosin and tropnin block myosin binding sites on the actin molecules

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21
Q

Ca2+ allows what as it binds to what

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin, and tropomyosin moves away from the myosin binding site, allowing contraction to occur

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22
Q

the motor unit consist of what

A

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it activates (one set of muscle fibers)

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23
Q

a typical skeletal muscle receives innervation from approx how many somatic motor neurons

A

100

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24
Q

a motor neuron pool consist of what

A

many motor neurons, each of which innervates a motor unit w the muscle

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25
Q

motor units are recruited in progressive order from

A

smallest (weakest) to largest (strongest)

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26
Q

Type I and Type IIa/IIb is fast or slow

A

Type I - slow twitch
Type II - fast-twitch

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27
Q

slow twitch and fast twitch mitochondrial content high or low and fatigue level

A

slow - high mitochondrial content, slow rate of fatigue
fast - low mitochondrial content, rapid rate of fatigue

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28
Q

does strength or endurance training increase capillary supply and mitochondrial content

A

endurance training

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29
Q

how does the body meet increased energy demand in active muscle (skeletal muscle has low metabolic rate)

A

locally from muscle glycogen and triacylglycerols
systemically from liver glycogen and adipose tissue triacyglycerols

30
Q

what is the main source of ATP for power and speed

A

power - stored ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr)
speed - non-oxidative breakdown of carbohydrate stored as muscle glycogen

31
Q

muscle cells contain creatine phosphate, which converts what

A

ADP to ATP thus replenishes ATP store during muscle contraction

32
Q

when high-intensity continues for more than 10-60 sec, breakdown of ATP and PCr is followed by accelerated breakdown of what

A

intramuscular glycogen to glucose and then to lactate

33
Q

lactic acid lowers pH from what to what, which inhibits what and leads to what

A

7.1->6.62
inhibits glycolysis and contributes to muscle fatigue

34
Q

what (2) provides immediate but limited energy

A

ATP and phosphocreatine

35
Q

what provides rapid, but self-limited source of ATP

A

anaerobic glycolysis (divert pyruvate to lactic acid)

36
Q

what provides a slower but long-term source of ATP

A

oxidation of glucose, lactate, and fatty acids

37
Q

oxidation of glucose uses what from where at what time point

A

glucose from liver glycogen (>1 min)

38
Q

what from what twitch muscles can enter what twitch muscles where it is oxidized

A

lactate from fast twitch muscles can enter slow twitch muscles where it is oxidized

39
Q

lactate can also travel to the liver for what

A

gluconeogenesis

40
Q

> 1 minute what energy source for muscle

A

oxidation of glucose/lactate

41
Q

what energy source for muscle for exercise lasting longer than 30-40min

A

oxidation of fatty acids as mobilization of lipids from adipocytes

fatty acids enter the skeletal muscle and are oxidized

42
Q

type IIb uses what pathway

A

anaerobic glycolysis

43
Q

type I uses what pathway

A

oxidation of glucose/lactate or fatty acids

44
Q

after 1 hr what way is used to get energy

A

hepatic gluconeogenesis (hapatic glycogen stores become depleted)

45
Q

what are the most important substrates for hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

lactate and alanine

46
Q

during prolonged exercise what is the key substrate that is released into the contracting skeletal muscle for uptake by the liver, which synthesizes into what for uptake by the muscle via what

A

key substrate lactate
via cori cycle

47
Q

cori cycle

A

glucose is metabolized to pyruvate and then to lactate in muscle, the lactate is released into the blood and carried to the liver, where it is reconverted to pyruvate and used for gluconeogenesis, and the resulting glucose is released and travels back to muscle

48
Q

cahill cycle involves what

A

glucose and alanine

49
Q

central fatigue is due to changes in which nervous system

A

CNS

50
Q

peripheral fatigue is due to what

A

changes within the muscle

51
Q

what results in difficult or impossible fast movements

A

impaired release and reuptake of Ca2+ from SR

52
Q

central fatigue due to

A

altered input from muscle sensory nerve fibers to the brain
altered excitability of motor neurons to the muscle
reduced excitatory input to motor control centers o the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

peripheral fatigue is caused by what (3)

A

ATP depletion
Lactic acid accumulation (fall in pH inhibits stuff)
glycogen depletion

54
Q

aerobic training increases maximum O2 delivery to muscle and increases cardiac output by (2)

A

hypertrophy of the heart
increased cardiac stroke volume as a result of expansion of the plasma compartment

55
Q

trained muscle can accommodate a greater maximal blood flow bc of growth of what

A

new microvessels, particularly capillaries

56
Q

increased capillary density increases O2 delivery and this provides what (2)

A

greater surface area for diffusion
reduction of the diffusion distance for O2 between the capillary and muscle fibers

57
Q

aeorbic training can effect capillary how

A

increased capillary length and volume
prolonged transit time of RBC along capillaries

58
Q

endurance training can increase the what content of skeletal muscles by nearly 2 fold

A

mitochondrial content

59
Q

primary benefit from mitochondria adaptation in aerobic condition is

A

capacity to oxidize substrates, particularly fat, and enhances endurance of muscle

60
Q

apocrine sweat glands located where

A

in the axillary and anogenital regions of the body

61
Q

apocrine sweat glands empty into what

A

hair follicles

62
Q

what sweat gland type may act as a source of pheromones

A

apocrine

63
Q

where has more eccrine sweat glands

A

palms of hands and sole of feet

64
Q

essential role of eccrine sweating is what

A

temp regulation

65
Q

eccrine sweat glands are tubules comprising a what gland and what duct

A

secretory coiled gland and reabsorptive duct

66
Q

is sweat glands vascular or avascular

A

a rich microvascular network surrounds the entire sweat gland

67
Q

the coiled gland of eccrine, located deep in the dermis, is innervated by what fibers that are what

A

sympathetic fibers that are cholinergic

68
Q

what causes eccrine sweat glands to secrete into the lumen a clear, odorless solution, similar to protein-free plasma

A

release of acetylcholine

69
Q

how is NaCl content of sweat related to rate of secretion

A

directly proportional

70
Q

how does NaCl content relate w acclimatization of heat

A

NaCl content decreases

microbio (12 decks)

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