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Microbio > w6 signal tranduction > Flashcards

w6 signal tranduction Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

chemical signal by 1 cell type that acts on cells in a DISTANT tissue

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2
Q

paracrine

A

chemical signal by 1 cell type that acts on a neighboring cell in same tissue (NEAR BY)

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3
Q

autocrine

A

chemical signal by 1 cell type that acts on the SAME cell that released the signaling molecule

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4
Q

ligand-gated ion channel receptors (ionotropic receptors)

A

involved in signaling between ELECTRICALLY excitable cells (chemical signal into an electrical signal)
-integral membrane proteins
-hybrid receptor/channels

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5
Q

Acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA are what type of receptors

A

ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channel receptors)

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6
Q

G protein-coupled receptors active and inactive when (match w GTP and GDP)

A

active - GTP
inactive - GDP

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7
Q

how do G protein-coupled receptors work

A

-works through intermediary separate membrane-associated enzyme or channel
-intermediary is a GTP binding complex (G protein)

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8
Q

what is the largest family of receptors on the cell surface, w more than 1000 members

A

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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9
Q

GTP associated w what G protein subunit

A

alpha

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the beta-gamma subunits in G proteins

A

anchoring

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11
Q

GDP-GTP exchange stimulates dissociation of the complex how

A

free alpha subunit + beta-gamma complex

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12
Q

how do u terminate G protein signaling

A

hydrolyze GTP to GDP

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13
Q

what does RGS do (regulation of G protein signal)

A

helps stimulate GTP hydrolysis to GDP to help terminate G protein signaling

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14
Q

main purpose of secondary messengers

A

to amplify signals and integrate responses among cell types

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15
Q

these are examples of what type of messengers
-cAMP
-cGMP
-IP3
-DAG
-arachidonic acid
-CA2+

A

secondary messengers

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16
Q

Adenylyl cyclase converts what

A

ATP -> cAMP

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17
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

cGMP -> GMP

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18
Q

phospholipases (e.g phospholipase C)

A

PIP2 -> DAG + IP3

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19
Q

how does adenylyl cyclase work

A

activates protein kinase A (PKA)

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20
Q

what does protein kinase A do (PKA)

A

catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group to certain serine or theronin residues

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21
Q

what does phosphodiesterase do

A

breaks down cyclic nucleotides
(cyclic to non cyclic)

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22
Q

how does phospholipase work

A

G protein alpha-q subunit activates phospholipase C, which breaks down PIP2 into DAG at IP3

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23
Q

what does DAG activate

A

stimulates protein kinase C

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24
Q

what does IP3 signal the release of

A

binds to receptor on the ER membrane and triggers release of Ca2+

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25
Q

stimulation of what resultsin rapid increase in cytosolic IP3 and DAG levels

A

stimulation of PLCB

26
Q

what is calmodulin (CaM)

A

Ca2+ binding protein

27
Q

each molecule of CaM cooperatively binds how many calcium ions

A

4

28
Q

Ca2+-CaM complex activates what commonly

A

CaM kinases

29
Q

CaM kinase phosphorylates what residues

A

serine and threonine

30
Q

what is an important CaM kinase

A

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

31
Q

arachidonic acid convert into biologically active metabolites that are collectively called

A

eicosanoids (all have 20carbon atoms)

32
Q

arachidonic acid -> eicosanoids pathway
cyclooxygenase produces what

A

produces thromboxanes, prostaglandins, and prostacyclins

33
Q

arachidonic acid -> eicosanoids pathway
5-lipoxygenase produces what

A

leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE)

34
Q

arachidonic acid -> eicosanoids pathway
epoxygenase produces what

A

HETE and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)

35
Q

what is the primary enzyme responsible for releasing arachidonic acid

A

phospholipase A2

36
Q

what catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into the precursors of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes

A

cyclooxygenase

37
Q

how do most NSAIDS (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen) work

A

directly target cyclooxygenase

38
Q

5-lipooxygenase initiates the conversion of arachidonic acid into what

A

leukotrienes

39
Q

leukotrienes particiapte in what reponses

A

allergic, inflammatory

40
Q

epoxygenase pathways converts arachidonic acid into what 2 products

A

HETE, EET

41
Q

what do HETE and EET do

A

cell proliferation and Ca2+ release

42
Q

what are the 2 G protein superfamilies

A

classic heterotrimeric G proteins that bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

small GTP binding proteins such as Ras

43
Q

activated RTKs transduce their signal using which small GTP binding protein

A

Ras

44
Q

receptor guanylyl cyclases

A

catalyze generation of cGMP from GTP

45
Q

receptor serine/threonine kinases

A

phosphorylate serine or threonin residues

46
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases

A

phosphorylates tyrosine residues

47
Q

yrosine kinase associated recptors

A

interact w cytosolic tyrosine kinases

48
Q

ceptor tyrosine phosphatases

A

cleave phosphate groups from tyrosine groups of cellular proteins

49
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) act on what

A

vascular smooth muscle to dilate blood vessels and enhance Na+ excretion into urine (which is termed natriuresis)

50
Q

a binding of what induces a conformational change in receptor guanylyl cyclase that causes dimerizatino and activation

A

natriuretic peptide

51
Q

what does receptor guanylyl cyclase do

A

conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises levels of intracellular levels of cGMP

52
Q

what does increased cGMP cause

A

RELAXATION of vascular SMOOTH MUSCLE to dilate blood vessels
enhanced sodium excretion in the urine (natriuresis)

53
Q

soluble guanylyl cyclase has what receptor

A

nitric oxide (NO)

54
Q

NO plays an important role in the control of what

A

blood flow and blood pressure

55
Q

vascular endothelial cells use NO synthase to what

A

cleave arginine into citrulline plus NO

56
Q

Nitroglycerin relieves chest pain that accompanies inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle how

A

breaks down and releases NO
(relaxes the smooth muscles of peripheral arterioles)
(reduces the work of the heart and relieving the associated pain)

57
Q

how does viagra work

A

inhibits PDE5 (PDE5 stops cGAMP which stops increased blood flow)

58
Q

what does RTK phosphorylate

A

themselves

59
Q

insulin and various growth factors interact w what type of receptor

A

RTK

60
Q

nuclear receptors bind to specific DNA sequences called what

A

hormone response elements

61
Q

nuclear receptors are found only in the nucleus T or F

A

False, can be in cytoplasm also, just eventually goes to nucleus

Microbio (12 decks)

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