W8 - Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Problems Flashcards
what are common signs and symptoms of ADHD
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, causing difficulties in focus, organization, and self-control.
what are the 6 main neurodevelopment disorders
Intellectual disability
ADHD
Autism
Motor disorders
communication disorders
learning disorders
what are some examples of learning disorders
dyslexia
dyscalculia
what factors are risk factors for a neurodevelopemtnal disorder
genetics
gestation - drugs, toxins, preterm
hypoxia
what are some socio-cultural factors that are risk factors for a neurodevelopmental disorder
Prenatal factors
Attachment
Parental education, IQ
Support networks
Parenting skills
what are some psychological risk factors that can influence neurodevelopmental disorders
Mental health of parents
Consequences of neglect or emotional abuse
what are some features of autism
persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.
what is the triad of impairment of autism
social interaction
communication
activities and interests
how does autism present in young children
- Poor eye contact
- No interest in peers (ignores other children)
- Speech delay or absent
- No pretend play
- Repetitive play
what are some presenting feature of autism in school children
- No friends, wanders around at playtime
- Abnormal speech development
- Can’t cope with routine change
- Repetitive topics of interest
- Repetitive behaviours e.g. flaps hands
what are some presenting features of autism in adolescents
- Difficulty with peer relationships
- Monotonous voice
- Literal interpretation of language, difficulty understanding jokes
- Narrow range of interests
- Strengths e.g. technology
do autistic people experience hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to senses
both
what can autistic people have an altered sensitivity to?
Sights
Sounds
Smells
Tastes
Touch/textures
Balance (vestibular sense)
Body position & movement (proprioception)
Internal body cues & sensations (interoception)
Basically - EVERYTHING
what are some biological factors which are associated with autism
36-92% identical twin concordance
2-18% non-identical concordance
Relatives often have some features
Male:Female – 4:1
what are some genetic conditions associated with autism
Fragile X
Retts
Trisomy 21
Williams Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neuromuscular disorders
what are some environmental factors what are associated with autism
Increasing parental age
Prematurity (<35w)
Maternal alcohol, valproate
what are some comorbidities associated with autism
Sleep disorders
ADHD
Epilepsy / Tic disorders
Learning Disabilities
Aggression/self-harm
Mental health problems – anxiety, depression
Constipation
what diagnostic tools can be used to diagnose autism
ADOS 2 or 3Di
DSM V criteria
what are some management strategies for autism
Applied Behavioural Analysis
Behaviour Support plans, EHCP
Education & Healthcare Plan
Communication
Social stories, play therapy & Speech therapy
Dietician
Occupational therapy
Sensory integration
Physiotherapy
Medication e.g. ADHD, Sleep
Respite for parents
what is the ADHD triad
inattention
impulsivity
hyperactivity
what are some biological risk factors for ADHD
Preterm
Epilepsy comorbidity
Strong FHx
Maternal substance misuse
Male
ASD
Acquired brain injury
what is the Diagnostic criteria band for ADHD
DSM-5-1
what is the criteria for DSM-5
6 or more
For at least 6 months
what is looked for in the DSM-5
inattention
hyperactivity
impulsivity
how old does a person have to be to get a diagnosis of adhd
from 7-12 years
how do girls typically present with ADHD
inattentive
what signs and symptoms of inattentiveness are more common in girls
often daydreaming
often easily distracted
often poorly organised
often forgetful
how do boys typically present with ADHD
Hyperactive/ impulsive presentation
what are the more common features of ADHD in boys
often always “on the go”
often full of energy
often fidgety
often acts without thinking
what are common comorbidities associated with ADHD
Bipolar
sensory problems
anxiety and depression
speech and communication
eating disorders
conduct issues
what is the first line treatment for ADHD
parent education
school intervention and behaviour
sleep
what is the treatment for ADHD in severe cases
Methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine
Non-stimulants – Atomoxetine, guanfacine
For sleep - Melatonin
what stimulants are given to treat ADHD in severe cases
Methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine
what are some non stimulant drugs which can be given to treat ADHD in severe cases
Atomoxetine, guanfacine
