W7/8 Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Inc lectures - Blood pressure and CVS continuum
What are the 3 components of the CVS?
Blood, Vessels, Heart
What does the blood transport? (5)
- O2, CO2 and other gases movement
- Nutrients
- Electrolytes
- Metabolic waste
- Hormones, Cytokines
What is the function of the blood in protection?
- Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
- Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)
What are the functions of the blood relating to Regulation?
- Body temp
- pH
- Circulatory body fluid volume/concentration (osmosis)
Characteristics of blood:
Type of fluid tissue?
Colours?
Blood volume?
A liquid connective tissue (only fluid tissue in human body)
A sticky viscous opaque fluid
Scarlet red: High oxygen (in artery)
Dark Red: Low oxygen (in vein)
Blood volume: 1.2 to 1.5 gallons: 8-10% of body weight
Male: 5-6 L and Female 4.5 L
What is the blood made up of? (%)
55% Plasma
1% Buffy coat (platelets, leukocytes)
44% Solids (RBC- Erythrocytes)
What is the blood plasma made of? (5)
90% water
10% soluble components
Plasma proteins- Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
- Nutrients- Glucose, Amino acids, Cholesterol
- Gases- O2, CO2, traces (little bit <1%)
- Electrolytes- Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides & others
- Metabolic wastes- Urea
Haematopoiesis definition
Haem- Relating to blood
Poiesis- Formation of/Production of
(Formation of blood)
What are the functions of Haematopoietic stem cells/ Haemocytoblast?
What determines the type of cell formed?
What do the produced cells enter through?
- Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets
- Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells
- Produced cells enter through blood sinusoids
Definitions
Leucopoiesis
Erythropoiesis:
Thrombopoiesis:
Formation of WBC
Production of Red blood
cells/erythrocytes
Production of platelets/ Thrombocytes
What is the difference between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes?
Obvious granules (light microscope)
No obvious granules (light microscope)
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
What type of cells are they?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
These are all polymorphonuclear cells
Give a description of a Neutrophil:
-What do they act against?
Type of granulocyte;
-Major Abundant/Common type
-Larger cells
-3-4 segments/lobes of nucleus
-Smaller granules
Bacterial Infection
Describe the appearance of Eosinophils:
What do they fight against?
-Larger granules
-2 lobes of nucleus with thick strand of chromatin
Parasitic Infection
Describe the appearance of Basophils:
-nucleus shape
-what they respond to
Huge granules
Horseshoe shaped nucleus
2 big lobes joined together
Migrate into the tissue, Mast cells
Histamine- Proinflammatory
What are Polymorphonuclear cells? (literally)
The type of immune cell that has what..?
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Under a light microscope- Granules are seen so called granulocytes
More than one, Many different structure of cells/ morphology, relating mostly to the nucleus
e.g. Neutrophils- 3/4 lobes nucleus with thin chromatin strands
What are the 3 types of Agranulocytes?
Monocytes
Thrombocytes
Lymphocytes
-Describe the appearance of Thrombocytes: (platelets)
-Function?
-Fragments/Platelets
-Contains no nucleus
-Contains mitochondria (require ATP)
-They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal
Describe the appearance of Monocytes:
Type of Agranulocyte:
-Horse shoe lobed nucleus
-Migrate into tissue,
-Differentiate into Macrophages
-Phagocytosis- Bacteria
-Dendritic cells
What are the types of lymphocytes? (4)
- B- Lymphocytes (Plasma cells or Natural killer)
- T helper
- T Suppressor
- All produce antibodies to fight viral infection - T-Cytoxic
- Cancer cells
B cells require T helper cells to signal
What does HIV target?
-If HIV isn’t treated, it can lead to AIDS
HIV targets T-helper cells
What are the terms for:
-Low WBC Count:
-High WBC Count:
Penia- Deficiency/not enough
Philia- Surplus/ excess cytosis: increase
What could occur from a low WBC count? (3)
Leucopenia- low wbc count
- risk of infection
- sepsis and lethal
Neutropenia -low neutrophils
-Risk of bacterial infections
Thrombocytopenia -low platelets
-the risk of blood loss
-an autoimmune condition in children
Differential white cell count examples
Leucocytosis : Sign of Infection
Neutrophilia?
(Neutrophil Leucocytosis)
- Sign of bacterial Infection
Eosinophilia? - Sign of parasitic Infection
Lymphocytosis? - Sign of viral Infection
Monocytosis?
Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues, TB
Red blood cells features:
Biconcave- no nucleus and organelles
(Large surface area for exchange)
(Anaerobic ATP synthesis, don’t use O2)
97% of RBC is Haemoglobin – Gas Transport: Oxygen (Reversible binding)
Contain Spectrin, a plasma membrane protein-
(Flexibility of shape- to get through
smaller capillaries)
What is the structure of Haemoglobin?
Composed of 4 globins/polypeptides, 2 alpha and 2 beta.
Haem contains a central Iron. Each Fe2+ binds to one O2.
Each haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 O2 molecules
Oxyhaemoglobin meaning and colour:
Deoxyhaemoglobin meaning and colour
When Hb is binded to O2- Bright red
When Hb is not bonded to O2- Dark Red
Is haemophilia related to RBC?
If Hb has only one Fe2+ how does it bind to 4 O2?
Erythropoiesis definition:
Production and maturation of RBC- ~15 days
What is the regulation of Erythropoiesis:
What produces erythrocytes?
- Hormonal (Negative Feedback Axis)
- Kidney becomes hypoxic (renal arterial oxygen drops) triggering EPO release
Erythropoietin (released from kidney) stimulates Erythropoiesis.
It stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes increase O2 transport to the kidney and block EPO release
Hypoxia definition
Causes
Symptoms
Low oxygen levels in body tissues
Causes: Haemorrhage/Injury, Iron deficiency. High altitude or Lung disease (Pneumonia)
Symptoms: Confusion, restlessness, DIB, rapid HR, bluish skin
Can be life-threatening
What is the Oxygen sensor in the kidney called?
Hypoxia- inducible factor
Explain the regulation of Erythropoiesis:
- Hormonal (Negative Feedback Axis)
- Kidney becomes hypoxic (renal arterial oxygen drops) triggering EPO release
- Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulate the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes increases O2 transport to the kidney and block EPO release
Testosterone enhances EPO production,
(result in higher RBC in Males) - High EPO: Erythrocytes mature faster
- Increase haematocrit, dehydration and blood
viscosity (clotting, stroke, heart failure)
What is anaemia?
(Low haemoglobin) - A condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues.
What is Thalassemia?
-Globin chain in Hb is absent or malfunction
-RBC become thin, delicate and lack Hb
-Mild to Severe subtypes- Blood transfusions
-Predominantly in Mediterranean ethnics
What are two conditions that can result because of problems with red blood cells?
Thalassemia and Sickle cell anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia:
What is it?
Symptoms?
-Mutation in Hb: one amino acid is wrong in the globin B chain (6th AA- Glutamic
acid in normal RBC whereas 6th AA is Valine in sickle RBC)
-Sickle RBC is crescent-shaped
- O2 levels are low
- Crescent shape block flow in the blood vessels and leads to stroke and
other vascular diseases
-Very fatigue, lots of pain, challenged with work/exercise
-Predominantly in African ethnics
What is Polycythaemia?
- Too many red blood cells in the blood
Bone Marrow Cancer, People living in Highlands
(low O2 in high altitude)
Too thick too many cells increase the viscosity - Stroke
-Coronary artery disease
-Renal disease
What is haemostasis?
A physiological process to stop bleeding (clot)
(Blood coagulation)
Literally blood staying still
What are the Haemostasis steps? (3)
What type of feedback mechanism?
- VASCULAR SPASM - pain reflux, constriction of smooth muscle, triggers clotting chemicals/factors needed and directed to a site of injury.
- Platelet Activation- Plug
Endothelial Damage
Exposed Collagen
Platelets stick to exposed collagen- are activated
Platelets stimulate ADP,
Thromboxane (clotting factor) A2 and Serotonin
Von Willebrand Factor- Stabilises collagen-platelet adhesion
- Coagulation- Patch
Clotting factors/procoagulants in Liver
Vitamin K, the biosynthesis clotting factors
Plasma proteins I to XIII
X-A, Prothrombin Activator converts into X Prothrombin then Thrombin then Fibrinogen (Insoluble) and Fibrin (soluble) and Fibrin (Mesh)
This is a positive feedback mechanism
What is thromboxane?
A clotting factor
What is Thrombosis?
Blood clotting (Thrombus) in arteries, veins or capillaries
What is an Embolism?
Blockage in an artery, caused by a foreign body e.g. a blood clot (embolus)
Blood clot/endogenous materials
(Embolus) moving in the blood vessel and obstructing blood flow
Fate of clot and vessel healing:
What is the process?
What occurs in fibrinolysis?
Clot retraction concurrent with vessel repair:
- The actin and myosin in platelets contract and pull on fibrin strands
- Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
-Stimulate smooth muscle and fibroblast division - Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
-Rebuild endothelial lining by multiplying endothelial cells
Fibrinolysis
Plasminogen, =plasma protein trapped in clot is converted into Plasmin which digests Fibrin
Haemostasis disorders (3)
Thromboembolism
Unregulated Bleeding
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Blood groups
A- Antigen A and B
O group- No antigens (Universal donor)
A+
AB- Universal recipient as can recieve RBC from any blood type
Why are red blood cell counts higher in males?
Androgen levels such as Testosterone are higher (Which stimulates the release of EPO)
Which renal hormone triggers the red blood cells levels formation in bone marrow
Erythropoetin
What are the 3 types of circulation?
Pulmonary, Systemic, Coronary