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M101 > W2 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

W2 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of unicellular organisms:

A

All bacteria, protozoa, unicellular algae, unicellular fungi

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2
Q

Give examples of Multicellular organism

A

Pluricellular fungi, algae, parasites, plants, animals

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3
Q

Features of a RBC (5)

A

Transport oxygen.
Biconcave shape
No nucleus
Contain haemoglobin
Small and flexible

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4
Q

What are the functions of Nerve cells? (neurons)
What is their structure?

A

Transmit electrical impulses to other nerve cells, muscle or gland cells in response to the environment stimuli

Thin and long cells

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5
Q

How is the human body organised into levels of increasing complexity?

A

Cell, tissue, Organ, Organ System

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6
Q

Light microscope function

A

To observe living cells in a tissue and some internal structures

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7
Q

Fluorescence microscope function

A

Fluorescence signals can be detected through excitation of fluorophores.

Function- To visualise and monitor the localisation of labelled molecules within a cell or tissue.

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8
Q

What is an Electron microscope? (EM)

A

Technique for obtaining high resolution images, using a beam of electrons (very short wavelengths) as the source of illuminating radiation.

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9
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

TEM- Transmission electron microscope
SEM- Scanning electron microscope

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10
Q

What is the practical resolution limit of a modern EM?

A

Around 2nm

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11
Q

What are the 4 major organic macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Polymers made by specific
repeating molecular units, monomers

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13
Q

What are monomers?

A

▪ building blocks or subunits
▪ smallest units of molecules that can join with each other to form larger molecules, polymers

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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building up
Cells link monomers together to form a polymer
through polymerisation or condensation reactions

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking down
polymers are broken down into
smaller molecules by hydrolysis

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16
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Catabolism and Anabolism reactions

17
Q

What are the polymers made from fatty acids and their function?

A
  • Lipids
  • Energy storage/ Biomembranes/hormones
18
Q

What are the polymers made from amino acids and their function?

A
  • Proteins/Peptides
  • Structure/ Enzymes/ Multiple functions
19
Q

What are the polymers made from sugars and their function?

A
  • Oligo/Polysaccharides
  • Energy source
20
Q

What are the polymers made from nucleotides and their function?

A
  • Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
  • Store/encode genetic information/ energy transfer
21
Q

What are the 2 types of distinct cell?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

22
Q

What are the 3 ways that prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

Prokaryotes
- WITHOUT nucleus
- ONLY ONE compartment
- Simple internal organisation

Eukaryotes
- WITH nucleus
- Internal membranes that enclose the organelles - Complex organisation

23
Q

Prokaryotes:
Monocellular or multicellular?
Smaller or bigger than eukaryotes?
What are the 2 cellular domains?

A

Mostly monocellular
Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archaea
- Structurally similar but different biochemical abilities

24
Q

Where do archaea bacteria live?

A

In normal habitats but most of them grow at extreme environmental conditions (pH, temp, salt conc)

25
Q

Overview of prokaryotic cell structure:

A
  • Membrane-enclosed nucleus is absent
  • Lack of membranous organelles
  • Simple internal structure

External Glycocalyx/capsule and different appendages
*Tough protective coat (cell wall), around the plasma membrane
*Single internal compartment containing the cytoplasm and the genome

26
Q

What are the prokaryotic cell surface layers?

A

Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx

27
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A flexible lipid bilayer membrane, made up phospholipids and proteins. Do not contains sterols.

28
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure composed of peptidoglycan. Different in Gram +/-
Maintenance of cell shape and structural integrity

29
Q

What is a Glycocalyx?
What does it protect the cell against?

A

Gelatinous coating composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides
If organised (capsule)
If loosely organised and attached (slimy layer)
➢ It protects the cell against dehydration, immune system (phagocytosis) and antibiotics.
➢ It also an adherence factor.

30
Q

Intracellular composition of a prokaryote:

A
  • Cytoplasm- a gel-like internal fluid
  • Singular circular genomic DNA in the nucleioid
  • Not associated with histone proteins
  • No nucleus
31
Q

Name some prokaryotic cell appendages:

A

FLAGELLUM: (pl flagella) which are whip-like structure
Locomotion- Act as a sensory structure

Fimbriae/pili- Short, fine, hair-like (up to 1,000)
- Help the cell to stick/attach to a surface
- Twitching motility

SEX PILUS- Rigid hair-like tubular structures, larger than fimbriae
- Allow the attachment to other cells (females) to transfer plasmids/DNA

32
Q

Overview of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • In unicellular (e.g. protozoa and yeasts) and
    in multicellular organisms (e.g. animals)
  • Bigger and more elaborate than Prokaryotes
  • Except for plant and fungal cells, the cell wall
    is NOT PRESENT in animal/human cells!
  • All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
  • Many membrane-enclosed organelles
33
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All of the material inside the cell BUT outside of the nucleus

It includes cytosol and the various organelles

Highly organised and dynamic

34
Q

What is cytosol?

A
  • The part of the cytoplasm that is not contained within organelles
  • The dense and viscous gel-like fluid to support and protect organelles

M101 (41 decks)

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