W5 Intro to Genetic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

Individuals observable traits (height, eye colour)
Physical expression of genotype

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2
Q

What is the Genotype

A

The set of genes in our DNA which are responsible for a particular trait

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3
Q

What is meant by true breed?

A

The kind of breeding wherein the parents would produce offspring that would carry the SAME phenotype

e.g When the plants self-pollinate, all their offspring are of the same variety

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4
Q

What is meant by hybridisation?
What is a Monohybrid cross

A

-Mating, or crossing, of two varieties
-A cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of a single trait

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5
Q

Homozygous definition

A

2 identical alleles

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6
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

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7
Q

Monohybrid inheritance F2 generation ratio:

A

9:3:3:1

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8
Q

What is the genome
What is an allele?

A

All the genes of an organism
Variations of a gene

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9
Q

PP or pp is a what pair of alleles?

A

Homozygous

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10
Q

What is a genetic disease?

A

Caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. Most genetic disorders are quite rare
May/may not be inherited

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11
Q

How does a non-heritable genetic disorder occur?

A

Defects may be caused by somatic mutations - changes to the DNA of somatic cells after the birth

The defect can only be heritable if genetic disorder occurs in the germ line

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of genetic disorders?

A
  1. Single gene defects
  2. Chromosome abnormalities
  3. Multifactorial disorders
  4. Cancer
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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

Unit of heredity. Encodes the synthesis of a gene product. Usually a protein or RNA.
(small section of DNA)

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14
Q

What are the different mechanisms of inheritance? (3)

A

Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked recessive or dominant

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15
Q

What is a Frameshift mutation?

A

insertion or deletion of one or more bases causing the alteration of the reading frame of the gene and a different set of codons, leading to an altered protein.

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16
Q

What type of disorder is sickle cell anaemia? (single gene defect)
Caused by what?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder
Caused by homozygosity (both alleles)- Point mutation in the beta-globin gene within chromosome 11

17
Q

How are red blood cells affected for sickle cell anaemia?

A

Normal
Disease

18
Q

Mendel- Pea experiment
F1 offspring?
F2 offspring?

A

100% yellow pea plants
75% yellow pea and 25% green pea (3:1)

19
Q

Which allele dictates the organisms phenotype?

A

The dominant allele

20
Q

Mendel’s third postulate:
Describe Independent segregation

A

During the formation of gametes, two copies (alleles) of each gene present in the parent separate so that each gamete receives only one allele for each trait

During fertilisation, a sperm cell carrying one or other allele fuses with an egg cell carrying one of the alleles to produce a zygote with two alleles

21
Q

What is Albinism?

A

A disorder (recessive) that results in little or no production of the pigment melanin, (colour of the skin, hair and eyes)

22
Q

How does a non-heritable genetic disorder occur?

A

Defects may be caused by somatic mutations - changes to the DNA of somatic cells after the birth

23
Q

What is a single gene disorder?

A

A disease caused by changes or mutations that occur in the DNA sequence of a single gene

24
Q

What is autosomal dominant?

A

If a single mutated allele is sufficient to cause the disease (heterozygosis)

25
Q

What is autosomal recessive?

A

If both mutated allele must be inherited to be affected (homozygosis)

26
Q

What is X-linked recessive or dominant?

A

mutated gene is present on the X chromosome

27
Q

What is a Missense mutation?

A

These are base changes that alter the codon for an amino acid resulting in its replacement with a different amino acid.

28
Q

What is a Nonsense mutation?

A

Base changes that convert an amino acid codon to a stop codon, resulting in a premature termination of translation and the production of a shortened protein.

29
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Do not cause any change in an amino acid

30
Q

What do Promoter mutations or mutations on other regulatory sequences do?

A

Affect the way gene transcription is regulated, often abnormally reducing or enhancing the expression of certain genes

31
Q

What is the difference between a Normal RBC and a Sickle RBC?

A

Normal:
1.Red blood cells shaped like a disk
2.Haemoglobin (protein) carries oxygen to all parts of the body

Sickle:
1.Red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape
2.Haemoglobin (protein) is abnormally shaped
3.Don’t move easily through your blood vessels
4.Form clumps and get stuck in the blood vessels

32
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? (single gene defect)
How is it caused?

A

Autosomal recessive disease
-Mucus secretions accumulate in the lungs which block the airways, cause persistent infections and permanent lung damage

-Homozygosity (both alleles) for a point missense mutation in the CFTR gene within the chromosome 7

33
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?(single gene defect)

A

autosomal dominant disease
-Heterozygosity (1 defective allele) in the huntingtin gene located on chromosome 4
-Neurodegenerative disease

34
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (single gene defect)

A
  • X-linked recessive disorder (DMD gene)
    -Males suffer progressive weakening of the muscles
  • Males can’t be carriers
35
Q

Chromosome abnormalities:
What are Numerical Abnormalities?
What are Structural Abnormalities?

A
  1. When an individual is missing either a chromosome from a pair (monosomy) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy)
  2. When the chromosome’s structure is altered