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Lan and c0m > W5 - pt 2 - language development > Flashcards

W5 - pt 2 - language development Flashcards

1
Q

What was Berko-Gleason’s ‘Wug Test’ (1958) designed to assess?

A

If children could apply learned plural rules to unfamiliar words

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2
Q

What did the ‘Wug Test’ reveal about language acquisition in children?

A

Children could apply morphological rules to nonsense words

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3
Q

What is the Holophrastic Stage in language development?

A

Stage where children use memorized forms, not rule-based forms

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4
Q

What characterizes the Rule-Based Stage in morphological development?

A

Children overgeneralize rules, e.g., ‘foots’ instead of ‘feet’

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5
Q

What is the final stage in morphological development?

A

Mastery of rules and exceptions, e.g., using both ‘feet’ and ‘went’

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6
Q

What does ‘U-shaped learning’ describe in language development?

A

Correct use, then overgeneralization, then accurate use

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7
Q

What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?

A

Certain behaviors must develop within a critical period for typical function

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8
Q

How does the Critical Period Hypothesis apply to language?

A

Language acquisition is easiest before puberty

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9
Q

Who proposed the Critical Period Hypothesis, and when?

A

Eric Lenneberg in 1967

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10
Q

What animal behavior provides evidence for the Critical Period Hypothesis?

A

Songbirds need early exposure to song dialects

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11
Q

What is Chomsky’s concept of Universal Grammar (UG)?

A

A set of grammatical principles believed to be universal across human languages

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12
Q

What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) according to Chomsky?

A

An innate mechanism that enables children to learn language using Universal Grammar

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13
Q

How does ‘input’ trigger the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

A

Exposure to language activates LAD

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14
Q

What is an example of a parameter in Universal Grammar?

A

Pro-drop, e.g., sentences without subjects

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15
Q

How do Creole languages support the concept of Universal Grammar?

A

Creoles evolve from Pidgin languages, adding grammatical structure

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16
Q

Who opposes Chomsky’s LAD theory?

A

Jeffrey Elman

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17
Q

What is the Simple View of Reading?

A

Reading comprehension = word recognition x language comprehension

18
Q

What is Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?

A

A measure of a child’s syntactic development

19
Q

How is MLU calculated?

A

By counting morphemes per utterance

20
Q

Why is MLU more accurate than age for syntax development?

A

It accounts for individual language differences

21
Q

How do languages like Finnish affect MLU scoring?

A

Rich morphology inflates MLU scores

22
Q

When do children typically begin forming multi-word phrases?

A

Around age two

23
Q

What did Trueswell et al. (1999) reveal about children’s sentence processing?

A

Children often misinterpret ambiguous sentences

24
Q

What are ‘garden-path sentences’?

A

Sentences with misleading starts that require re-interpretation

25
Q

What is an example of a garden-path sentence used in language studies?

A

‘The horse raced past the barn fell’

26
Q

How do adults handle garden-path sentences differently than children?

A

Adults use context; children tend to misinterpret

27
Q

What example demonstrates Universal Grammar’s applicability?

A

All languages have nouns and verbs

28
Q

What effect does the ‘word gap’ have on language development?

A

Low SES children have smaller vocabularies by age 5

29
Q

What is the Mutual Exclusivity Assumption?

A

Children assume each object has a unique label

30
Q

What is the ‘Whole Object Assumption’?

A

Children assume a word labels an entire object

31
Q

What is Steven Pinker’s view on language acquisition?

A

Language involves innate structures activated by exposure

32
Q

How does early exposure to reading benefit children?

A

Linked to stronger language and reading skills

33
Q

What are the five key components of reading instruction?

A

Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension

34
Q

What is phonemic awareness?

A

Recognizing sound structures within words

35
Q

Why is fluency important in reading?

A

Allows children to read quickly and accurately

36
Q

What does MLU measure, and what does a higher MLU indicate?

A

Sentence complexity; higher MLU means more advanced syntax

37
Q

Give an example of an MLU calculation.

A

‘He jumps’ = 3 morphemes

38
Q

What did Hart & Risley’s (1995) study show?

A

SES impacts vocabulary and reading skills by age 5

39
Q

How does the ‘Shape Bias’ support vocabulary growth?

A

Children focus on shape to categorize and learn words

40
Q

Why is Child-Directed Speech (CDS) important?

A

Engages infants, aiding word recognition

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