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Lan and c0m > W3 - Word Recognition & Dyslexia > Flashcards

W3 - Word Recognition & Dyslexia Flashcards

1
Q

Why is reading a critical cognitive skill in modern society?

A

It conveys most information needed for social and economic participation.

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2
Q

Approx. how many people globally are unable to read/write? (2012)

A

796 million.

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3
Q

Which country has the highest literacy rate (100%)?

A

Finland.

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4
Q

What percent of UK 15-year-olds lack basic reading skills?

A

17%.

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5
Q

Estimated annual cost of low literacy in the UK?

A

£2 billion.

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6
Q

Name a social issue linked to low literacy.

A

Depression (others include substance abuse, incarceration, poor health).

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7
Q

What is the first stage of reading?

A

Visual word recognition.

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8
Q

How many words are estimated to be in the mental lexicon?

A

60,000–70,000.

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9
Q

Why are high-frequency words recognized faster?

A

Familiarity speeds up brain retrieval.

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10
Q

What extra process happens for low-frequency words?

A

Post-lexical checks for fit.

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11
Q

How does ‘Age of Acquisition’ (AoA) impact recognition?

A

Early-learned words are recognized faster.

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12
Q

What does the boundary change paradigm show about reading?

A

Parafoveal processing helps anticipate upcoming words.

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13
Q

Which disrupts recognition more: letter substitutions or transpositions?

A

Substitutions.

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14
Q

By what percentage does a starting letter transposition slow recognition?

A

36%.

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15
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Smallest meaningful language units.

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16
Q

Define a prefix with an example.

A

Morpheme added to root start, e.g., ‘un-‘ in ‘unreal.’

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17
Q

What is a pseudo-affix? Example?

A

False morpheme structure, e.g., ‘swing’ (not ‘sw’ + ‘ing’).

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18
Q

How are high-frequency compounds (e.g., ‘farmhouse’) processed?

A

As decomposed parts.

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19
Q

Define semantic richness in words.

A

More features and imageability speed up recognition.

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20
Q

How does emotional valence affect recognition speed?

A

Positive/negative meanings boost speed.

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21
Q

How quickly is the next word’s frequency processed during reading?

A

Within 100 ms.

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22
Q

Key difference between serial and parallel search in recognition?

A

Serial is sequential; parallel is simultaneous.

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23
Q

What does Forster’s Search Model propose?

A

Words are searched serially based on frequency.

24
Q

How does the Logogen Model explain word recognition?

A

Parallel activation of detectors with varied thresholds.

25
Q

Which model involves feedback from words to letters?

A

R&M IAC Model.

26
Q

What is Nettalk?

A

A neural network that learns spelling-sound patterns.

27
Q

In the Dual Route Model, which route is for irregular words?

A

Lexical route.

28
Q

Define a pronounceable nonword with an example.

A

Follows phonetic rules, e.g., ‘chotel.’

29
Q

What impairment results from damage to the lexical system?

A

Irregular word reading issues.

30
Q

What is Surface Dyslexia?

A

Difficulty reading irregular words post-brain injury.

31
Q

Typical reading error in phonological dyslexia?

A

Lexicalizations (e.g., ‘hean’ → ‘hen’).

32
Q

What is semantic paralexia?

A

Related word substitution (e.g., ‘duel’ → ‘sword’).

33
Q

How do irregular neighbors affect nonword pronunciation?

A

They slow reading and increase errors.

34
Q

What does the DRC model suggest about GPC and whole-word routes?

A

They ‘race’ to determine pronunciation.

35
Q

How is dyslexia best understood?

A

As a continuum, not a strict cutoff.

36
Q

Common conditions co-occurring with dyslexia?

A

ADHD, dysgraphia, dyscalculia.

37
Q

Primary intervention for dyslexia?

A

Phonics-based instruction.

38
Q

Dyslexia therapies lacking evidence?

A

Sensory-motor and visual treatments (e.g., colored lenses).

39
Q

Most effective dyslexia intervention approach?

A

Intensive phonics, word analysis, fluency, and comprehension.

40
Q

Why is early intervention critical in dyslexia?

A

To address challenges at a young age.

41
Q

Name some unsupported dyslexia treatments.

A

Sensory-motor and visual treatments.

42
Q

What does the Phonological Deficit Theory suggest?

A

Dyslexia stems from poor phonological awareness and slow lexical retrieval.

43
Q

Which theory proposes two dyslexia deficits?

A

Double Deficit Theory.

44
Q

Name the two deficits in Double Deficit Theory.

A

Phonological and naming-speed.

45
Q

What reading difficulty links to a naming-speed deficit?

A

Fluency issues.

46
Q

What percent of kids with severe dyslexia have both deficits?

A

54% (Lovett et al., 2000).

47
Q

Why focus on naming speed in languages like Italian?

A

Transparent orthographies make reading speed essential.

48
Q

What does the Magnocellular Deficit Theory suggest?

A

Dyslexia relates to visual system deficits.

49
Q

Size difference of magnocells in dyslexia?

A

27% smaller.

50
Q

Symptoms of magnocellular dysfunction?

A

Headaches, eye strain, poor concentration.

51
Q

Additional role of the cerebellum in reading?

A

Language-related cognitive skills.

52
Q

Impact of cerebellar deficits on reading in dyslexia?

A

May cause timing and balance issues.

53
Q

Key factors in word recognition?

A

Frequency, orthography, morphology, semantics, phonology.

54
Q

Why is the dual route model important?

A

Explains different word recognition pathways.

55
Q

Focus of phonological theories in dyslexia?

A

Phonological awareness deficits.

Lan and c0m (6 decks)

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