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Lan and c0m > W11 - bilingualism > Flashcards

W11 - bilingualism Flashcards

1
Q

What is bilingualism?

A

Knowledge and use of two languages.

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2
Q

What are the types of bilinguals?

A

Native simultaneous, native sequential, sequential, balanced, and unbalanced.

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3
Q

What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced bilinguals?

A

Balanced bilinguals have equal proficiency; unbalanced do not.

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4
Q

How common is bilingualism globally?

A

Over half of the global population is bilingual.

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5
Q

How does François Grosjean (1998) define key bilingual dimensions?

A

History, stability, use, competence, modes, and biographical data.

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6
Q

What did Grosjean (1998) state about bilingualism in the brain?

A

A bilingual is not two monolinguals combined; they have unique linguistic configurations.

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7
Q

How does socioeconomic status (SES) impact bilingualism?

A

Grosjean highlighted SES affects language access and outcomes, influencing comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals.

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8
Q

What factors influence bilingual language acquisition?

A

Input quality, linguistic distance, SES, gender, and family dynamics.

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9
Q

What does ‘input source’ mean in bilingual acquisition?

A

The role caregivers and other speakers play in language exposure.

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10
Q

How does linguistic distance affect learning a second language?

A

Greater linguistic differences make acquisition more challenging.

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11
Q

What does Clahsen & Felser’s (2006) Shallow Structure Hypothesis propose?

A

L2 learners use semantic/pragmatic cues over deep grammatical structures.

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12
Q

What is the Declarative-Procedural Model, and who proposed it?

A

Paradis (2004) and Ullman (2001, 2016) explained declarative memory handles vocabulary, procedural memory handles grammar.

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13
Q

What did Tanner et al. (2013) discover about EEG responses in proficient L2 learners?

A

Their P600 morphosyntactic responses resemble native speakers.

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14
Q

What did Floccia et al. (2018) find about bilingual vocabulary development?

A

Vocabulary depends on linguistic input and environmental factors.

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15
Q

What are the two key hypotheses under the Critical Period Hypothesis?

A

Exercise Hypothesis and Maturational State Hypothesis.

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16
Q

What does ‘use it or lose it’ imply in language learning?

A

The Exercise Hypothesis states language ability declines if not practiced during the critical period.

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17
Q

Who proposed the Critical Period Hypothesis, and what does it state?

A

Lenneberg (1967) suggested native-level language learning is easiest during a critical developmental window.

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18
Q

What did Johnson and Newport’s (1989) study on L2 learners conclude?

A

Earlier exposure leads to more native-like grammar proficiency.

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19
Q

What factors confound critical period studies, as per Johnson and Newport?

A

Duration, quality, and setting of input, along with native-speaking peers.

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20
Q

What is metalinguistic awareness, and how is it affected by bilingualism?

A

Awareness of language structure and grammar; enhanced in bilinguals.

21
Q

How does early bilingualism affect vocabulary size in toddlers?

A

Smaller vocabulary in each language but comparable total vocabulary.

22
Q

What did Hoff et al. (2012) observe about bilingual toddlers’ vocabulary?

A

Smaller English vocabularies but similar total vocabulary across both languages.

23
Q

What advantage did Galambos & Hakuta (1988) find in bilingual children?

A

Better metalinguistic awareness, such as error detection and correction.

24
Q

What did Fan et al. (2015) discover about bilinguals in multilingual environments?

A

Better perspective-taking and theory of mind than monolinguals.

25
Q

How does bilingualism enhance career opportunities?

A

Bilinguals can access jobs requiring multiple languages, enhancing economic mobility.

26
Q

How does bilingualism contribute to cultural understanding?

A

Promotes intercultural understanding and social cohesion.

27
Q

What are executive functions, and how does bilingualism affect them?

A

Mental processes like inhibition and task-switching; bilinguals show improvement in these areas.

28
Q

How does bilingualism influence cognitive reserve?

A

Strengthens brain networks, delaying conditions like dementia.

29
Q

How do bilinguals handle cognitive tasks compared to monolinguals?

A

More efficient in tasks requiring conflict monitoring and task-switching.

30
Q

What is code-switching, and why is it significant?

A

Alternating between languages; it reflects proficient cognitive control.

31
Q

What mechanisms help bilinguals resolve language competition?

A

Selective attention and inhibition.

32
Q

What is ‘language mode’ in bilingualism?

A

The proportion of L1 and L2 used in monolingual or bilingual contexts.

33
Q

How does biographical data influence bilingual profiles?

A

Age, SES, and education shape language acquisition and use.

34
Q

What is the difference between monolingual and bilingual language use?

A

Bilinguals often adapt language use to social and contextual needs, unlike monolinguals.

35
Q

What economic benefit of bilingualism was reported by the British Academy (2015)?

A

Language diversity in workplaces saves billions annually.

36
Q

What did Costa et al. (2008) find about executive functions in bilinguals?

A

Reduced incongruency effects in flanker tasks.

37
Q

What did Prior & MacWhinney (2010) discover about bilingual task-switching?

A

Smaller cognitive costs due to experience switching between languages.

38
Q

How did Wodniecka et al. (2010) link bilingualism to memory?

A

Older bilinguals showed enhanced recollection of words and faces.

39
Q

What did Woumans et al. (2015) find about dementia onset in bilinguals?

A

It is delayed by approximately 5 years.

40
Q

What did Alladi et al. (2016) conclude about bilingualism and post-stroke recovery?

A

Bilinguals exhibit improved outcomes compared to monolinguals.

41
Q

How does Abutalebi et al. (2012) describe bilinguals’ ACC activation?

A

Bilinguals activate smaller portions of the ACC, indicating more efficient conflict monitoring.

42
Q

What did Mechelli et al. (2004) find about grey matter in bilinguals?

A

Bilinguals have greater density in the inferior parietal lobe, correlating with L2 proficiency.

43
Q

How does bilingualism affect white matter integrity, as per Pliatsikas et al. (2015)?

A

Enhances integrity of white matter tracts, aiding executive control.

44
Q

What challenges did Paap et al. (2016) identify regarding bilingual cognitive advantages?

A

Replication failures and inconsistent bilingualism definitions.

45
Q

What does the Critical Period Hypothesis state?

A

Native-level language learning is easier during a critical developmental window.

46
Q

What does Clahsen & Felser’s (2006) Shallow Structure Hypothesis explain?

A

L2 learners rely more on semantics than grammar.

47
Q

What did Costa et al. (2008) find regarding bilinguals?

A

Bilinguals had reduced incongruency effects in flanker tasks.

48
Q

What did Mechelli et al. (2004) discover about bilinguals’ grey matter?

A

Bilinguals have greater grey matter density in the inferior parietal lobes.

Lan and c0m (11 decks)

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