W2 - Speech Flashcards
What are the primary levels in the structure of language?
Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
Name the three types of phonetics.
Articulatory, Auditory, Acoustic
Define ‘articulatory phonetics.’
The study of how sounds are physically produced by the vocal apparatus
How does ‘auditory phonetics’ differ from ‘acoustic phonetics’?
Auditory phonetics studies sound perception, while acoustic phonetics studies physical sound properties.
Provide an example illustrating that sounds and letters do not always correlate.
‘Knot’ (silent ‘k’) or ‘judge’ (multiple sounds for ‘j’)
Define ‘phonemes’ and give an example.
Phonemes are the smallest sound units that change meaning, like /s/ in ‘sip’ vs. /z/ in ‘zip.’
What is a ‘minimal pair,’ and why is it important in phonology?
Two words that differ by one phoneme, like ‘bat’ and ‘pat,’ help identify phonemes.
Describe ‘morphology’ in language structure.
The study of word formation, such as verb tense changes (e.g., ‘kick’ to ‘kicked’)
How is syntax different from semantics?
Syntax is word arrangement in sentences, while semantics is meaning conveyed by words and sentences.
Define ‘pragmatics’ in language.
Language use in context; interpreting implied meanings.
What are the stages in spoken word production according to Griffin & Ferreira (2006)?
Conceptualization, Formulation, Articulation
What happens during the ‘conceptualization’ stage in word production?
Deciding the content of speech; pre-verbal and language-neutral
What is ‘lexicalization’ in the formulation stage?
Selecting words (lemmas) that represent the intended concept
Explain ‘phonological encoding’ in speech production.
Translating selected words into sound structures (lexemes)
What is the purpose of the ‘WEAVER++’ model in self-monitoring?
Detects and corrects speech errors as you speak or plan to speak
What is a ‘shift’ error in speech?
Moving a word or part of a word to an incorrect position in a sentence, like ‘decide to hits it.’
Describe an ‘exchange’ error in speech production.
Swapping two words or sounds, such as saying ‘model renosed’ instead of ‘nose remodelled.’
What is an ‘anticipation’ speech error?
Using a sound or word too early, e.g., ‘Bake my bike’ instead of ‘Take my bike.’
Define ‘perseveration’ error with an example.
Repeating a previous sound, like ‘pantrum’ for ‘tantrum.’ when saying he pulled a tantrum
What is a ‘substitution’ error in speech?
Replacing a word with a similar but incorrect one, e.g., ‘light’ instead of ‘heavy.’
How do speech errors support Freud’s view?
Freud suggests they reveal repressed thoughts.
What is the SLIP technique, and who developed it?
A technique for studying speech errors, developed by Baars & Motley (1974)
Differentiate between word errors and sound errors in speech production.
Word errors involve early substitutions, while sound errors happen later and affect adjacent sounds.
Outline Garrett’s Model stages in speech production.
Conceptualization –> Formulation ( Functional Level, Positional Level, Sound Level) –> Articulation
What is the main function of Garrett’s Functional Level?
Lexical selection for word meaning and grammatical role
What kind of errors are common at Garrett’s Sound Level?
Sound errors, like slips of the tongue
What is the ‘tip-of-the-tongue’ (ToT) phenomenon?
A state where a person recalls partial word features but not the full word
How does the Blocking Hypothesis explain ToT?
Similar-sounding words block retrieval of the target word
What does the Transmission-Deficit Hypothesis suggest about ToT?
Weak connections between meaning and form cause retrieval difficulty
What evidence supports the Transmission-Deficit Hypothesis?
Phonological neighbors often aid rather than block retrieval
Why do bilinguals experience more ToTs?
Weaker connections between meaning and sound across two languages
In bilingual ToTs, how does syntactic information affect retrieval?
Grammatical gender or class of a word may still be accessible
Describe ‘lexical-semantic anomia.’
Anomia where individuals lose word meanings, often category-specific
What is the difference between ‘lexical-semantic’ and ‘phonological’ anomia?
Lexical-semantic involves meaning loss, while phonological anomia involves selecting incorrect phonological forms.
Explain the discrete model in lexicalization.
Meaning and form are processed in separate steps without interaction
What does the interactive model of lexicalization propose?
Allows partial activation of multiple related words before selection
How does Patricia Kuhl’s research contribute to understanding phonological processing in babies?
Shows babies can initially distinguish all language sounds but later focus on native sounds
What is the ‘critical period’ in phonological development?
A window during which exposure to diverse sounds is essential
Define ‘statistical learning’ in language acquisition.
Babies learn sound patterns based on frequency of exposure
How does ‘subvocalization’ affect silent reading?
It involves silent articulation of words while reading
What effect does stuttering have on silent reading?
Stutterers show longer fixations on words they stutter on
What does ‘lexical bias’ imply in language errors?
Errors more likely produce real words than nonsensical ones
What is ‘output monitoring’ in speech production?
Checking intended speech for errors before saying it aloud
How does ‘feedback activation’ affect language processing?
Allows interaction between meaning and sound, reducing random errors
