W10 - language and aging

Question 1

By 2050, what proportion of people will be over 60 years old globally, and how does this compare to children aged 0–14?

Answer 1

1 in 5; older adults will outnumber children.

Question 2

Which organization works to promote the rights of older people worldwide?

Answer 2

HelpAge International.

Question 3

What is the focus of ageing research according to Vaupel (2010)?

Answer 3

Strategies for cognitive and brain health.

Question 4

What does Shafto & Tyler (2014) suggest about language in ageing?

Answer 4

Understanding is preserved, but production declines.

Question 5

What did Kemper et al. (2001) discover about grammatical complexity in older adults?

Answer 5

Marked decline from 74–78 years, with gradual changes before and after.

Question 6

How do Rabaglia & Salthouse (2011) describe syntactic production changes in ageing?

Answer 6

Declines in complex syntactic structures.

Question 7

What memory process associated with linguistic context declines with age, as shown by Lieberman et al. (2004)?

Answer 7

Implicit memory.

Question 8

How does higher education impact linguistic knowledge, according to Brysbaert et al. (2016)?

Answer 8

Higher education correlates with greater linguistic knowledge.

Question 9

What causes tip-of-the-tongue (ToT) episodes in older adults, according to Segaert et al. (2018)?

Answer 9

Disruption between meaning and phonology.

Question 10

What factors contribute to syntactic comprehension decline with age, as highlighted by Poulisse et al. (2019)?

Answer 10

Reduced working memory, processing speed, and response time.

Question 11

Which cognitive domain experiences the steepest decline in ageing, according to Hedden & Gabrieli (2004)?

Answer 11

Perceptual speed.

Question 12

What changes occur in brain structure with age, as observed by Peelle et al. (2012)?

Answer 12

Significant gray matter decline; white matter decline is less pronounced.

Question 13

What is the compensation hypothesis in cognitive ageing, according to Cabeza (2002)?

Answer 13

Older adults use additional brain resources to maintain performance.

Question 14

How does the nondominant hemisphere compensate for cognitive decline in ageing?

Answer 14

Shows increased activity in tasks typically dominated by the opposite hemisphere.

Question 15

What hypotheses about fitness and cognition were proposed by Colcombe & Kramer (2003)?

Answer 15

Speed, visuospatial, controlled-processing, executive-control.

Question 16

How does aerobic exercise affect hippocampal volume, according to Erickson et al. (2011)?

Answer 16

Increases hippocampal volume over a year.

Question 17

What did Segaert et al. (2018) discover about fitness and tip-of-the-tongue states?

Answer 17

Higher fitness reduces ToT episodes.

Question 18

What lifestyle factors significantly influence cognitive ageing?

Answer 18

Sleep, diet, exercise, and cognitive training.

Question 19

What does Ainslie et al. (2008) suggest about exercise and brain blood flow?

Answer 19

Regular exercise mitigates age-related decline in blood flow.

Question 20

How does aerobic fitness relate to gray matter volume, as shown by Erickson et al. (2014)?

Answer 20

Higher fitness increases gray matter volume in key brain areas.

Question 21

What is the role of brain plasticity in compensating for neural decline in ageing?

Answer 21

Allows resource reallocation to maintain functionality.

Question 22

What methods were used by Hedden & Gabrieli (2004) to evaluate cognitive domains in ageing?

Answer 22

Cross-sectional study.

Question 23

Which cognitive functions benefit most from fitness training, according to Colcombe & Kramer (2003)?

Answer 23

Executive functions like planning and coordination.

Question 24

How does education level influence language performance across age groups?

Answer 24

Higher education sustains better performance.

Question 25

How does cardiorespiratory fitness affect cognitive ageing, as studied by Erickson et al. (2014)?

Answer 25

Links to greater gray matter volume and cognitive resilience.

Question 26

What findings by Kemper et al. (2001) connect ageing to linguistic performance?

Answer 26

Declines in grammatical complexity correlate with age.