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DS2102 Anatomy > W5: Neck, floor of the mouth, pharynx and larynx > Flashcards

W5: Neck, floor of the mouth, pharynx and larynx Flashcards

1
Q

List and describe the four fascial compartments and what they contain

A

Investing layer: deep layer, completely surrounds neck
* attaches posteriorly to spinous process of vertebrae
* splits to encole trapezius and SCM

Superficial fascia: contains platysma

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2
Q

What are fascia? What are the implications clinically - specifically when infection occurs

A

Tough C.T sheaths which seperate layers of tissues and allow for spread of substances/communication between spaces, including infection - provide a conduit for spread of infection down the superior mediastinum!
Infection in Md or Mx molar spreads to buccal fat pad, submasseteric, pterygomandibular spaces and parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces (spread up and down the neck) -> Occlusion of the AIRWAY

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3
Q

Describe the shape, attachments, articulations and action of the hyoid bone

A

subdivides anterior triangle into a suprahyoid and infrahyoid region (for muscle classification)

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4
Q

What is Ludwigs angina?

A
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5
Q

Describe the 3 compartments of the investing layer (fascia)

A
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6
Q

The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangle for descriptive purposes. Define the borders of each.

A
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7
Q

List the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle

A

Submd, Submental, Muscular, Carotid
SUSPEND THE HYOID

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8
Q

List the three extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their action

A
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9
Q

What muscle makes up the pillar of the fauces? What is their role

A

Muscosa overlying muscles associated with the soft palate…Palatoglossos (anterior arch), Palatopharyngeaus (posterior arch)
(in between is palatine tonsil)
= constrict the oropharyngral isthmus in swallowing

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10
Q

What are the 2 ‘roles/action’ of the soft palate

A
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11
Q

What defines the ‘neck’

A
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12
Q

What two muscles attach to the pterygomandibular raphe

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor and buccinator muscles

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13
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the sternocleidomastoid

Test - Actions?

A
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14
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the trapezius

A
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15
Q

Describe the passage of the XI cranial nerve

A
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16
Q

Why is the XI nerve likely to be damaged with a superficial injury

A

The XI nerve is quite superficial as passes through the posterior triangle, therefore damage is likely

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17
Q

List and describe the action of the ANTERIOR suprahyoid muscles

A

Anterior Belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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18
Q

List and describe the action of the POSTERIOR suprahyoid muscles

A

Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
Action: elevate the hyoid and larynx when Md is stabilised

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19
Q

List the nerve innervation to each of the suprahyoid muscles

A
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20
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the stylohyoid

A
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21
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the digastric

A
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22
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the mylohyoid

A
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23
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the geniohyoid

A
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24
Q

List the 4 infrahyoid muscles and there associated insertions/origins as well as the innervation

A
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25
Q

What is the anatomical name of the ‘adams apple’

A

thyroid cartilage (laryngreal cartilage)

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26
Q

Which two endocrine glands are positioned anteriorly in the neck. Describe there location

A

Thyroid gland is a large unpaired gland, located inferior and lateral to the thyroid cartilage. It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus (crossing the ant. surfaces of 2nd and 3rd Cricoid cartilage tracheal cartilages). It lies within the pretracheal fascia together with pharynx, trachea and oesophagus.
Highly vascular, thyroid hormones
Parathyroid gland

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27
Q

Describe the embryolocial origin of the thyroid and parahyroid glands and the associated clinical relevance

A

Both glands have developmental origins as pharyngeal outgrowths, and migrate caudally.
Parathyroid glands- Two pairs derived from 3rd (superior) or 4th (inferior) pharyngeal pouches.

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28
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands

A
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29
Q

Describe the venous supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands

A
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30
Q

What nerves are closely associated with the thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

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31
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid gland

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone, control of calcium and phosphorous metabolism.

32
Q

What pocket of lymphoid tissue helps form waldeyers ring

A

Palatine tonsil

33
Q

What bones make up the Hard palate

A
34
Q

Describe the anatomy of the tongue (including important landmarks and function of posterior 1/3 vs anterior 2/3)

A

Anterior 2/3:
Posterior 1/3:

35
Q

What foramen is associated with the thyroglossal duct?

A

Foramen Caecum - thyroglossal duct: developmental passage of the thyroid gland

36
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, their function and associated innervation

A

Hypoglossal N (XII)

Rolling your tongue
37
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, their function and associated innervation

A
38
Q

How would you test the viability of the XII nerve

A

Ask patient to poke out their tongue

39
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the genioglossus

A
40
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the hyoglossus

A
41
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the palatoglossus with regard to the tongue

A
42
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the styloglossus

A
43
Q

Describe the innervation of the tongue

A
44
Q

What is likely to be the presentation if the if the XII is damaged

A

Possibly by fracture of the Md as the nerve runs just deep to the body of the Md

45
Q

Describe the passage of the lingual artery

A

Branch of external carotid
runs posterior/medially to hyoglossus,
travels superior to enter the tongue
Supplies: Sublingual and submandibular gland and muscles of the tongue

46
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

47
Q

What 5 muscles contribute to the formation and movement of the soft palate

A

tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatopharyngeus
palatoglossus
musculus uvulae

48
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of tensor veli palatini

A

When tenses forms stable platform in which any of the muscles of the soft palate is able to pull
IMPT MUSCLE - ONLY ONE THAT CLOSES GAP - ALLOWS SWALLOWING

Note: Innervation = exception!
49
Q

What is the palatine aponeurosis

A
50
Q

Which muscle is involved in equalisation of pressure when a change in air pressure occurs

A

tensor veli palatini
= trying to equalise pressure in the middle ear by straightening the pharyngotypamic tube

51
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of levator veli palatini

A
52
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of palatopharyngeus

A
53
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the palatoglossus with regard to the soft palate

A
54
Q

List the origin, insertion, nerve and action of the musculus uvulae with regard to the soft palate

A
55
Q

Which 2 muscles help in narrowing the pillars of fauces to allow swallowing

A
56
Q

Which gland curves around the mylohyoid, lying superior and inferior

A

submd gland

57
Q

Describe the innervation to the salivary glands

A
58
Q

What lymphoid structure provides protection (immune cells) against foreign particles entering through the two orifices

A

Waldeyer’s ring

59
Q

Describe the parts of the Pharynx

A

A musculo-fascial tube that links the ora and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx in the neck.
Runs from base of the skull to the oesophagus (approx C6)
3 parts:
-nasopharynx- posterior apertures of the nasal cavities open into this
-Oropharynx - posterior opening of the oral cavity
-Laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx - including laryngeal inlet

60
Q

Describe the constrictor muscles of the pharynx (including the innervation and origin/insertion)

A

Unite posteriorly at the paryngeal raphe

61
Q

Describe the orientation of the fibres of the muscles of the pharynx

A
62
Q

Describe the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx (including the innervation and origin/insertion)

A
63
Q

Describe motor innervation to the pharynx

A
64
Q

Describe sensory innervation to the pharynx

A
65
Q

Describe the composition of the larynx including the structure and innervation

A
66
Q

The thyroid cartilage is the most superior and largest cartilage of the larynx. Otherwise known as the laryngeal prominence, “Adam’s Apple”. Which muscles attach here?

A

*Lateral oblique line- attachment of extrinsic muscles of larynx and inferior constrictor
unpaired

67
Q

What cartilage is most inferior, completely encircling the airway?

A

Cricoid cartilage - unpaired
Broader posterior than anterior

68
Q

What is known as the ‘leaf shaped cartilage’

A

Epiglottis - unpaired

69
Q

List the three paired cartilages of the larynx

A

Arytenoid
Cuneiform
Corniculate

70
Q

List and describe the two functionally important intrinsic fibro-elastic membranes of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid membrane/ ligament:
Extends between the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage anteriorly. Superiorly the free border thickens to form the vocal ligament (true vocal cord) of the larynx.

Quadrangular membrane:
Extends between the epiglottis and arytenoid
cartilages, and extends anteriorly to the thyroid
cartilage. Thickened free border forms the vistibular ligament (false vocal cord).

71
Q

What allows movement of the vocal ligaments?

A
72
Q

Describe how the laryngeal functions - During quiet respiration and forced inspiration

A
73
Q

Describe how the laryngeal functions - During phonation (forming sounds)

A
74
Q

Describe how the laryngeal functions - During effort closure

A
75
Q

Describe how the laryngeal functions - During swallowing

A

DS2102 Anatomy (17 decks)

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