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DS2102 Anatomy > W4: Ortho > Flashcards

W4: Ortho Flashcards

1
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1
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2
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Compare growth and development

A

Growth: increase in size/number ex. anatomic
Development: increase in complexity or specialisation ex. physiological or behavioural

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3
Q

Compare intramembranous and endochrontral ossification

A

intramembranous: osteoblasts create bone from bone matrix ie. Direct bone formation - Bone can only grow from outside
endochrontral: cartilage gets laid down first then replaced by bone - Bone can grow from within

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4
Q

Describe which bones of the skull are endochondral or intramembranous derived

A

Cranial base = derived from cartilage

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5
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Describe which bones of the body are endochondral or intramembranous derived

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6
Q

Explain the difference between growth centres/sites

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Site: location at which growth is occurring - ex. sutures of the skull
Center: site of growth that has the ability to control its own growth ex. area of cartilage that controls own growth

Note all growth sites are centres

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7
Q

What is the main reason for fontanelles?

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So that the fetus’ head can be distored in order for it to travel through the birth canal and regain its original shape

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8
Q

List the timetime for the closing of fontanels
What percentage of the crainial growth is completed by age 10?

A

95% cranial growth completedby age 10
Growth predominantly sutural until about age 4
> age 4 = mainly by apposition and resorption

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9
Q

Briefly describe the growth of the cranial base

A

Endochontral ossification
taking place at synchodrosis - made of cartilage

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10
Q

At what age does growth cease at the cranial base synchodrosis

A
  • Intersphenoid age 3
  • Spheno-ethmoid age 7
  • Spheno-occipital late teens
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11
Q

Compare synchodrosis and sutures

4 points

A
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12
Q

Describe in detail what happens at the Synchondroses

A
Both bones tend to be pushed apart
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13
Q

What clinical relevance does the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis have?

A

Temporal bone and glenoid fossa move backward and downward relative to cranial base -influenced by growth at spheno-occipital synchodrosis.

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14
Q

Describe the growth of the Maxilla

A
  • significant downwards and forwards movement with reference to the cranial base
  • intramembranous ossification occurs at the sutures posterior and superior to the maxilla and also remodelling of the surfaces
    Resorption anterior maxilla (front surface remodeled)
    Apposition at the palate, alveolar ridges and tuberosity
    Otherwise Maxilla would be to far fowards
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15
Q

Describe the growth of the Mandible with relation to the ossification sites.

Test?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification occurs LATERAL to Meckel’s cartilage (acts as scaffold, doesnt get replaced by bone)
  • Condylar cartilage develops independently and fuses with mandible at condyle at about 4months IU - Endochondral ossification at the condyle
16
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Describe how the growth of the Mandible influenced by anatomy

A
  • Condyle grows upwards and backwards but has no where to grow as attached to base/fossa therefore the Md is pushed downwards and fowards while becomes bigger.
  • Depending on the anatomy of the condyle ex. angled backwards or fowards =
17
Q

How does the growth of the Mandible influence face shape?

A

Brachy: short face, condyle angled fowards, grows up = Md rotated fowards
Dolico: Condyle angled posteriorly = Md coming fowards and rotating backwards

18
Q

What methods are used to measure growth changes?

A

Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph
Other methods: Crainometry, Anthrometry, 3D Radiography

19
Q

Explain the Cephalocaudal Growth Pattern

A
  • Structures closer to the cranium grow faster and earlier
  • Body parts further from the cranium grow later
20
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Describe the Growth Curves of the Mx and Md

A

Cephalocaudal
Maxilla follows neural trend - more influenced by the cranial base (which is more influenced by growth of neural structures also matures earlier than mandible
Mandible follows general trend as further from cranium - growth is sped up during puberty

21
Q

What does growth velocity refer to?

A

Speed at which a person is growing (accelerated vs slow)

22
Q

What are the dental clinical applications of growth curves/velocity

A

Orthodontic treatment influenced by growth curves/velocity.

23
Q

Explain the growth variation between girls and boys

TEST

A

Girls and Boys growth follow the same curve patten however girls mature (growth spurt during puberty) earlier than boys
Overall children now are maturing earlier

24
Q

How do we measure individual growth?

A
  • Chronological age - not a good indicator as people mature at different ages
  • Dental age
  • Skeletal age
  • Biologic age
25
Q

What is the Suture Theory?

A

All sites act as growth centres under genetic control
New bone formed at the sutures, cartilage and synchondroses pushes bones apart and leads to growth
Largely disproven

26
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What is the Cartilage Theory?

A

Growth of cartilage determines growth of bones, even in areas distant from the cartilage locations
Cartilage under genetic control and acts as a growth centre
Mainly disproven but possible at synchondrosis

27
Q

Describe the Functional Matrix Theory (Moss)

A

Neither cartilage or bone determines growth
Growth is determined by the soft tissues adjacent to skeletal units.
* Growth is determined by the functional needs of the soft tissues
* Was revolutionary – can we control growth?

28
Q

What is Cranial Synostosis

A

birth defect in which the bones in a baby’s skull join together too early.

29
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What is Crouzon syndrome

A

craniofacial dysotosis, is a genetic syndrome in which the seams of the skull fuse in abnormally. This affects the shape of the head and face
Gene mutations are responsible for the abnormal skull fusions.

30
Q

What is Apert syndrome

A

acrocephalosyndactyly, is a genetic disorder that causes fusion of the skull, hands, and feet bones. It is characterized by deformities of the skull, face, teeth, and limbs.

31
Q

What is Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

Reduction in neural crest cells

32
Q

What is Hemifacial Microsomia

A

Disturbance in the development of1st and 2nd brachial arches

DS2102 Anatomy (17 decks)

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