W3L1- Macromolecules I Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
long chains of monomers → repeating subunits → forms polymers/macromolecules
What bonds link the structure of macromolecules
covalent bonds
What are monomers
repeating subunits or building blocks of polymers
What happens when a polymer loses water
forms a new covalent bond → resulting in synthesis → make longer
hat happens when water is added to a polymer
water breaks a bond → breaking down the polymer
If the carbonyl group is on the first carbon what type of sugar is it?
Aldoses (aldehyde)
If the carbonyl group is on the 2nd carbon what type of sugar is it?
Ketoses (ketone)
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides
simplest form of carbohydrates/one single sugar unit e.g glucose
Disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond → e.g maltose
Polysaccharides
polymers with hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
What are the two main groups of polysaccharides?
storage and structural
What is the role of starch as a storage polysaccharide
stored by plants as granules (storage) within cellular structures → energy can be later accessed via hydrolysis
What is glycogen
stored by animals in liver and muscle cells → hydrolysis of glycogen → released glucose → when demand for energy increases
What is cellulose (structural polysaccharide)
a major component of plant cell walls
What is chitin (structural polysaccharide)
found in exoskeletons of arthropods
Five main uses of lipids
energy storage, transport, structure, chemical messengers, photorecpetors, coverings
Explain the process in how fat is made
Originally 3 fatty acids → dehydration → synthesis occurs → therefore the 3 fatty acids join to glycerol → creating a triacylglycerol (TAG)/triglyceride
Explain the structure of saturated fatty acids
no double bonds between the carbons in their hydrocarbon chain
Explain the structure of unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds causing kinks in the molecule
Why are phospholipids essential to cells
they make up cell membranes → outer part of cell
What is the feature of a phospholipid
Consist of hydrophilic (head) and two hydrophobic tails
What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid
similar to fat → two fatty acids, glycerol but instead of another fatty acid, phosphate and connected to it a choline
What is the structure of steroids?
Four fused rings
What is the structure of steroids
3 hexagon, 1 pentagon → stability in cholesterols → strengthen cell membrane
What is an example of a aldose
glucose and galactose
What is an example of ketose
fructose
Example of dissaccharides
maltose
Examples of polysaccharide
starch
What bonds are between triaylglycerols
ester bonds
