W2L2 - Cells I Flashcards
How do scientists classify life into species
Structure of DNA
Why do scientists classify life into the structure of DNA
genetic blueprint → if two things have similar genetic blueprint, they are closely related
What are the 3 domains of life (BAD)
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
In the 3 domains of life which are eukaryotes
Plant, Fungi, Animals, Protists
In the 3 domains of life which are prokayotes
Bacteria, Archaea
Main features of Bacteria in terms of structure
Cell wall → classified as gram positive or gram negative
How do bacteria move
through the use of flagella
Main features of Archaea
Similar shape to bacteria + process DNA like eukaryotes + cell membrane + GI tract
To what microorganism is archaea similar in terms of structure
Bacteria
How do archaea process DNA?
Like eukaryotes
What is a virus?
Rely on host to reproduce, cannot carry out metabolism outside their host
What are prions
Proteins → cause degenerative brain diseases → proteins cannot replicate → prions fold normal versions of protein into misfolded
What is a cell?
All organisms are made of cells → simplest collection of matter
How do cells differ across domains?
Eukaryotic cells: membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, etc)
Prokaryotic cells: simpler, smaller, no DNA in nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common
a plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes
What is a plasma membrane
A selective barrier that surrounds the jelly-like substance cytosol
What does the cytoplasm in eukaryotes contain and not contain?
contains cytosol and organelles but doesn’t include the nucleus
Where is the DNA found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
chromosomes
How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have and where is it concentrated?
2, nucleoid
Where are the chromosomes located in eukaryotes
nucleus
Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have ribosomes?
Yes
What are ribosomal functions?
make proteins
What are the green portions in plants and algae called?
Chloroplasts
What is chlorophyll
A green pigment that allows sugar to be produced when photosynthesis occurs
What is the structure of chlorophyll
outer and inner membrane
What is the stroma in a chloroplasts
Fluid filled space
What does the stroma contain
grana, thylakoid membranes, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
How do you tell how metabolically active a cell is?
from the number of mitochondria in a cell
What is the structure of mitochondria
outer membrane and inner membrane
What structures does the inner membrane have in the mitochondria that allows it to work more efficiently?
selectively permeable (allow or block substances to enter) and has christae (increases SA)
What is inside the inner mitochondria?
Proteins that synthesise ATP
Explain pre-endosymbiosis conditions
Prokaryotes → bigger → decreased SA:V → to increase SA:V → formed infoldings → pinched off cell membrane → first eukaryote
What is endosymbiosis?
Ancestor of eukaryote → engulf a prokaryote that used O2 to create energy > became an endosymbiont > too much ATP leaked out of endosymbiont > provided eukaryote w energy > mitochondria formed. cyanobacteria turned into chloroplast
