MISC HARD Q'S Flashcards
What are the major elements of life (W2L1)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen and Sulfur
Why do skeletal muscles stop functioning after strenuous exercise
due to build up of lactic acid and decrease in pH in the muscle
What can lead to a coma
untreated diabetes > acidification of the blood by ketone bodies
How are species named?
Two part name e.g Staphlyococcus(Genus) Accreus (Species)
What are the characteristics of living things?
Reproduce, respond to environment, metabolise to use and generate energy
What are the size of bacteria
1.5 micrometres
What are the size of mycoplasma
0.1-1.0 micrometres
What are the size of eukaryotes
10-100 micrometres
Ribosomes can either exist as —-?
freely (cytosol) or bound (in ER or nuclear envelope)
What does the mitochondrial matrix include
Mitochondrial RNA and ribosomes
What are perioxisomes
specialised metabolic compartments that transfer H atoms to O2 forming H2O2
What bonds do polymers have
covalent bonds
What are proteins
Polymers of amino acid monomers
How many different amino acids build 1000’s of proteins
20
What do amino acids end in
-ine except for tryptophan
What do proteins end in
-in, ase
What bonds are between amino acids
peptide bonds
What are the roles of proteins
structural, storage, transport, hormones, defense, contractile, receptor, enzymatic
What was DNA initially
isolated as a mixture of protein and DNA from the nucleus of WBC
What is the chemical composition of DNA
highly acidic and high in phosphorus
What bonds do DNA have
phosphodiester bonds
What does Thymine turn into during RNA replication
Uracil
What do viruses contain (RNA or DNA)
RNA
What type of DNA does chloroplast and mitochondria contain
Their own type of DNA not from the nucleus
What is chromatin
DNA wrapped around protein beads (histone)
What are the components on the fluid mosaic model
integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, cholesterol, CHO, cytoskeleton
What is cell sidedness?
extracellular face is toplogically equivalent to the inside face of ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, vesicle membranes
What are integral membrane proteins
deep into membrane, stuck firmly, transport, signalling or anchoring
What are peripheral membrane proteins
sit on surface of membrane, loosely attached
What is cotransport
cytoplasmic side and H+ goes to the cytosol > create electrochemical gradient > goes back through the cotransporter
What is food broken down into during catabolism
CO2 and H2O > to different tissues producing ATP
What does fermentation do
convert glucose into lactate and release energy and ATP rapidly
Where does glycolysis occur in?
Cytosol
Where does the pyruvate go to get oxidised
Mitochondria
What is substrate-led phospholyration
Make ATP by directly transferring a phosphate from a molecule from ADP
When pyruvate gets oxidised in acetyl CoA what else is also produced with the acetyl CoA
NADH + CO2
What do the redox reactions in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and TCA do?
transfer electrons from NAD and FAD producing NADH and FADH by dehydrogenase
What is formed in glycolysis
4 ATP in payoff phase - 2 in investment phase > 2 in total produced and 2 NADH
How many NADH is produced in the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
2NADH
Where do sugars enter in during cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Where does glycerol enter during cellular respiration
G3P
Where do fatty acids enter in cellular respiration
Acetyl CoA
Where do amino acids enter
anywhere except glycolysis
Which complex does not pump H+
Complex II
Which complex pumps H+
Complex I, III, IV
Where does fermentation occur in?
Cytosol
What is produced in the light reaction
light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of 3 ATP, 2 NADPH, 1 O2
What is split in light reaction
H2O -> 2H+ + 2e- + O2
Where does the light reaction occur
Thylakoids
Where does calvin cycle occur
In stroma
From 3CO2 in Calvin Cycle what is the net gain after reduction
One G3P
How many rounds of Light Reaction occur to provide enough ATP and NADPH to Calvin Cycle
3 times -> Calvin Cycle requires 6 NADPH, 9 ATP
How many g3p molecules does glucose produce
2
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytosol
What processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate oxidation and TCA cycle
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
Inner mitochondria
Where does the H+ go after being ionised in the PSII
thylakoid space -> ATP synthase
