W1-MORPHOLOGY PT 1 & 2

Question 1

What is Rouleaux?

Answer 1

Result from too much proteins in the plasma. RBCs stick up as a result, in row, and look like a stripe of cells. These high proteins in the plasma are associated with infection/inflammation within the patient.

Question 2

what is Rouleaux?

Answer 2

• Rouleaux is a term used in hematology to describe the stacking or clumping together of red blood cells (RBCs) in a linear or coin-like formation, resembling a stack of coins.
• This phenomenon occurs due to the presence of certain proteins or abnormalities in the blood, such as increased levels of fibrinogen or immunoglobulins.
• Rouleaux formation can be observed under a microscope and is commonly associated with conditions such as multiple myeloma, inflammatory disorders, and certain infections.
• It can affect blood flow and may have diagnostic significance when observed in a blood smear.

Question 3

T/F
Maturation of cell does not occur in discrete steps

Answer 3

T

Question 4

T/F
Normally there are about twice as many maturing granulocytes as there are maturing red cells – because of growth kinetics

Answer 4

T

Question 5

what are granular lymphocytes?

Answer 5

NK cells
* reactive lymphocytes

Question 6

Name 3 groups of cells made in the bone marrow

Answer 6

-RBCs (erythrocytes)
- granulocytes
- Megakaryocytes

Question 7

4 Developmental stages of erythrocytes

Answer 7

• erythroblast
• Normoblast
• reticulocyte
• erythrocyte (RBC)

Question 8

What is the histology of erythroid cells on bone marrow aspirate? (the RBCs in early stages of development)

Answer 8

• The cells look like a dot of Darkly stained nuclei, without much cytoplasm. With a halo of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.
  -Have basophilic cytoplasm (blue-purple coloration under a microscope)

Question 9

What is the histology of myeloids (granulocytes) on bone marrow aspirate?

Answer 9

• They have light staining nuclei

Question 10

What is the histology of megakaryocytes?

Answer 10

large with multilobated nuclei

Question 11

Name the developmental stages of the myeloid cells (granulocytes)- And discuss each stage

Answer 11

• Blast:
  -Have large, round or oval-shaped nuclei compared to mature cells.
  -Finely dispersed chromatin
  -Cell divides

Promyelocyte:
-Large nucleus, though golgi zone space around the nucleus
-Forms primary granules
-Cell divides

Myelocyte:
-Final stage where a cell is able to divide
-Forms secondary or specific granules
-Nucleus is reduced

Metamyelocyte:
-Condensed chromatin, cell division no longer possible
-Indented or lobulated nucleus

Band cell:
-Horse shoe shaped nucleus
-High presence in blood signals bacterial infection

Neutrophil:
-Mature cell, multilobed nucleus
-Has primary and secondary granules

Question 12

What is a protein producing cell mostly found on a marrow aspirate?

Answer 12

Osteoblast

Question 13

Why fat cells in a bone marrow, what is their role?

Answer 13

-They accumulate haemopioesis
-They increase/reduce in size depending on how much space is required for haemopoiesis

Question 14

Elaborate on the distribution of plasma cells in the bone marrow of children and that of other other people incuding those with certain infections

Answer 14

-Babies have more lymphocytes in the bone marrow.
-HIV patients have more lymphocytes
-A patient with any current infection will have increased plasma cells in the marrow.

Question 15

Discuss features of a lymphocyte on marrow aspirate under a microscope

Answer 15

-Very high nucleus-cytoplasmic ratio
-Condensed nucleus(don divide)

*Other lymphocytes are granular and these are referred to as NK cells. They are seen on patients with viral infections, and those with underlying tumours and cancers

Question 16

Features of Esinophils

Answer 16

-2 lobed nucleus
-Orange or Pink granules, bigger than those of neutrophils

Question 17

Features of basophils

Answer 17

-Nucleus enclosed by large purple- blue granules
-These cells are few in peripheral blood.