W1-L3-red cells

Question 1

blood cell origin

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

blood cell derived from

Answer 2

multipotent HSC haemapoietic steam cell

differentiate into the myeloid and lymphoid stem cell

Question 3

process of ,making blood

Answer 3

haematopoiesis

Question 4

haemopoiesis

Answer 4

process of making blood

Question 5

HSC characteristics

Answer 5

part of the daughter cells do not differentiate and remain as HSC
stem cells differentiate into a specific function

Question 6

erythrocytes biconcave shape

Answer 6

allows cells to manoeuvre within small openings

Question 7

erythropoiesis

Answer 7

occurs in response to hypoxia or anaemia
release of erythropoietin from the kidney to the bone marrow to stimulate the production of more red blood cells
another source of erythropoietin is the interstitial cells

Question 8

haemoglobin in adults

Answer 8

2 alpha and 2 beta chain globin chains

Question 9

haemoglobin in foetus

Answer 9

2 alpha and 2 gamma globulin chains

Question 10

structure of haem group

Answer 10

consist of a porphyrin ring with a Fe2+ ion in the middle which binds to 1 oxygen molecule

Question 11

where is iron absorbed?

Answer 11

in the duodenum

Question 12

how is Fe3+ absorbed?

Answer 12

requires the use of ascorbic acid or vitamin C

Question 13

amount iron absorbed per day from diet

Answer 13

1-2mg

Question 14

hepcidin

Answer 14

blocks the absorption of iron in the SI and release of iron stores

Question 15

ferroportin

Answer 15

stimulates absorption of iron in the duodenum and breakdown of iron stores

Question 16

increased hepcidin at inflammation site cause anaemia

Answer 16

reduce amount of iron present within the red cells and therefore impair on the development of red blood cells

Question 17

dTTP synthesis

Answer 17

dependent on folic acid and vitamin B12

required for the synthesis of thymidine and therefore DNA

Question 18

vitamin B12 absorption

Answer 18

stomach: combines with IF-intrinsic factor made in gastric parietal cells
SI: B12-IF binds to receptors in the illeum

Question 19

life cycle of a red cell

Answer 19

formation in bone marrow
breakdown by reticuloendothelial macrophages in spleen
iron released from haem group and bound to transferrin, returned to bone marrow which haem group catabolism produce bilirubin excreted as bile
globin group hydrolysed to amino acids and excreted

Question 20

microcytic

Answer 20

RBC smaller size than normal

Question 21

normocytic

Answer 21

RBC normal size

Question 22

macrocytic

Answer 22

RBC larger size than normal

Question 23

macrocytes types

Answer 23

round oval and polychromasia

Question 24

hypochromia

Answer 24

larger area of central pallor

Question 25

polychromasia

Answer 25

increased blue tinge present in the RBC

Question 26

reticulocytosis

Answer 26

presence of young RBC seen as a blue colour of the cell and larger size, present as a result of bleeding or anaemia
stained with methylene blue

Question 27

anisocytosis

Answer 27

variation in size of the RBC

Question 28

poikilocytosis

Answer 28

variation in shape of the RBC

Question 29

target cell

Answer 29

presence of accumulation of haemoglobin in the area of central pallor

Question 30

sickle cells

Answer 30

presence of a sickle shape RBC, results from HBS presence in the genes
replace glutamic acid with valine and therefore less soluble than HBA

Question 31

reference range

Answer 31

carefully defined from a reference population

3 step process : particular characteristics in volunteer, analyse using instruments and techniques and statistical tests

Question 32

deficiency in the B12

Answer 32

results of inadequate intake or inadequate secretion or malabsorption

Question 33

vitamin B12 function

Answer 33

co-factor for CoA to succinyl CoA conversion to break down aa to enter Krebs cycle
co-factor to regenerate tetrahydrofolate-needed to convert dUMP to dTTP