W1-L2-cellular metabolism 2 lipids

Question 1

fatty acids

Answer 1

free fatty acid and glycerol
ester linkage
neutralise the -COOH group

Question 2

Fatty acid metabolism produce what?

Answer 2

Acyl CoA

Question 3

Fat sources

Answer 3

diet
de novo biosynthesis (liver)
adipose tissue

Question 4

bile-production storage and function

Answer 4

produced in the liver
stored in the gall bladder
function to emulsify fat, providing larger surface area of lipase action, absorption, digestion of FADEK

Question 5

bile salt deficiency

Answer 5

steatorrhea, most of the fat pass in the small intestine as undigested and unabsorbed

Question 6

orlistat

Answer 6

drugs used to reduced fat absorption
potent inhibitor of lipase gastric and pancreatic
used to treat obesity
side effects abdominal pain, frequent flatus and defecation

Question 7

lipid transport by

Answer 7

lipoprotein

Question 8

lipoprotein types

Answer 8

subdivided as chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL

Question 9

chylomicrons

Answer 9

dietary fat transport, arise from small intestine

Question 10

low density lipoprotein

Answer 10

cholesterol transport, arise from IDL

Question 11

very low density lipoprotein

Answer 11

arise from liver, endogenous fat transport

Question 12

intermediate density lipoprotein

Answer 12

arise from VLDL, precursor of LDL

Question 13

high density lipoprotein

Answer 13

arise from the liver, reverse cholesterol transport

Question 14

chylomicrons pathway transport

Answer 14

into the blood stream
acquire apoproteins form HDL
binding of apoproteins to lipoprotein lipase at skeletal muscle, adipose tissues and heart
breakdown into FA and glycerol
FA goes to muscles adipose tissue
acquire apoprotein from HDL again and goes to liver

Question 15

where CM enter the bloodstream

Answer 15

left subclavian vein

Question 16

lipoprotein lipase function and location

Answer 16

heart, skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

Question 17

lipoprotein life cycle

Answer 17

VLDL-breakdown to release FA and glycerol to muscle and adipose tissue to become a lipid remanent, gives apoprotein to HDL to become a IDL
IDL-receive cholesterol esters from HDL to become LDL
transport cholesterol to tissues or get cleared by macrophage and transported back to liver

Question 18

Fatty acid to Acyl CoA species

Answer 18

B- oxidation, breakdown of 2 high energy bond from ATP to AMP

Question 19

where does Acyl CoA species generated

Answer 19

outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 20

Acyl CoA transport

Answer 20

carnitine shuttle- coupling of Acyl CoA to carnitine to form Acyl carnitine, transported to matrix by translocase

Question 21

primary carnitine deficiency

Answer 21

B-oxidation cannot proceed as Acyl CoA cannot be transported into matrix
encephalophaties results

Question 22

B-oxidation

Answer 22

oxidation hydration and thiolysis sequence to convert acyl CoA to acetyl CoA species

Question 23

10 B-oxidation produce how many acetyl CoA

Answer 23

11

Question 24

ketone body formation

Answer 24

formed by B-oxidation when the fatty acid metabolism >carb metabolism as oxaloacetate is needed

Question 25

fatty acid biosynthesis

Answer 25

involves 2 enzymes: acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase
condensed molecules: acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA
enzyme involved KR, DH, ER
growing fatty acyl attached to acyl carrier protein

Question 26

difference between synthesis and degradation

Answer 26

ACP vs CoA carrier
NADPH vs NAD+ and FADH reducing power
cytoplasm vs matrix location

Question 27

de novo FA biosynthesis location

Answer 27

liver, adipose tissue and lactating breast

cancer relationship as cancer cells use fatty acid metabolism as energy source

Question 28

enzyme catalysing initial step of B-oxidation

Answer 28

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase family broken down to

small, medium, long and very long CACAD

Question 29

MCADD

Answer 29

autosomal recessive

unable to go without food for more than 12h , no metabolism fat dependent

Question 30

cholesterol esters formation

Answer 30

cholesterol+leucin in presence of LCAT

Question 31

anatomy of a lipoprotein

Answer 31

single layer of phospholipids with cholesterol esters core and proteins presents