W03_09 Motor Control 5: Basal Ganglia

Question 1

what does “pyramidal” refer to?

Answer 1

upper motor neuron system

Question 2

what does “extrapyramidal” refer to?

Answer 2

usually basal ganglia system

Question 3

what receives input for the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

caudate and putamen.

Question 4

which structure does the basal ganglia go through to connect to motor and association cortexes?

Answer 4

motor thalamus

Question 5

what does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 5

role in motor planning (including social/physical consequences), motor initiation, and cognitive function

Question 6

what does the output for the basal ganglia?

Answer 6

globus pallidus interna

Question 7

collectively, the caudate + putamen is referred to as what?

Answer 7

striatum.

Question 8

describe the direct pathway for loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia

Answer 8

reduced stimulation in striatum;
reduced inhibition of globus pallidus interna;
increased inhibition of motor thalamus;
reduced excitation of motor cortex

Question 9

describe the indirect pathway for loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia

Answer 9

reduced inhibition in striatum;
increased inhibition of globus pallidus externa;
reduced inhibition of subthalamic nucleus;
increased excitation of globus pallidus interna;
increased inhibition of motor thalamus;
reduced excitation of motor cortex

Question 10

loss of dopamine causes what?

Answer 10

reduced excitation of motor cortex. contributes to some of the symptoms of parkinson’s.

Question 11

name 6 classic signs of basal ganglia disease

Answer 11

• dystonia/dyskinesia
• athetosis
• chorea
• parkinsonism
• hemiballism
• tic syndrome

Question 12

what is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 12

lingual-bussal-facial dyskinesia caused by neuroleptics complications.

Question 13

what is acute dystonic reaction?

Answer 13

arms/legs extended
opisthotonus
torticollis
protruding tongue
facial grimace

Question 14

what is athetosis?

Answer 14

slow writhing movements of fingers and hands; sometimes legs and feet

Question 15

what is hemiballismus?

Answer 15

involuntary, unilateral, large amplitude, flinging motions of the limbs. rotatory is typical.
caused by lesion in contralateral subthalamic nucleus.

Question 16

pathology of huntington’s?

Answer 16

atrophy of striatum and cortex

Question 17

symptoms of huntington’s?

Answer 17

choreoathetosis,

dementia

Question 18

what’s a tic disorder?

Answer 18

a repeated, suppressible action that feels better after it’s been done

Question 19

what’s tourettes?

Answer 19

a severe tic disorder that involves vocal tics.

coprolalia and echolalia may be present.