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Year Three - Reproductive System > Vulval Cancer > Flashcards

Vulval Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vulval?

A

The external female genitalia that surround the opening to the vagina

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2
Q

What are the four structures that make up the vulva?

A

Clitoris

Labia minora

Labia majora

Bartholin’s glands

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3
Q

What is the most common type of vulval cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

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4
Q

What is the second most common type of vulval cancer?

A

Vulva melanomas

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5
Q

What is vulval intraepithelial neoplasia?

A

A premalignant condition affecting the squamous epithelium, in which abnormal proliferation of these cells occurs

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6
Q

What are the two types of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia?

A

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion

Differentiated VIN

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7
Q

What is squamous intraepithelial lesion associated with?

A

HPV infection

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8
Q

Which patients are usually affected by squamous intraepithelial lesions?

A

Younger women between the ages of 35 and 50 years old

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9
Q

What is differentiated VIN associated with?

A

Lichen sclerosus

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10
Q

Which patients are usually affected by differentiated VIN?

A

Older women between the ages of 50 and 60 years old

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11
Q

What are the five risk factors of vulval cancer?

A

Advanced Age > 75

Immunosuppression

HPV Infection

Lichen Sclerosus

Smoking

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12
Q

What are the six clinical features of vulval cancer?

A

Vulval Lump

Vulval Pain

Inguinal Lymphadenopathy

Ulceration

Bleeding

Itching

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13
Q

What are the three investigations used to diagnose vulval cancer?

A

Vaginal Examination

Vulval Biopsy

Sentinel Node Biopsy

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14
Q

What are the four features of vulval cancer on examination?

A

Irregular Mass

Thickened White Plaques

Erythema

Bleeding

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15
Q

What investigation is used to acquire a definitive diagnosis of vulval cancer?

A

Vulval punch biopsy

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16
Q

What biopsy feature is indicative of vulval cancer?

A

Keratinisation within the deeper layers of the squamous epithelium

17
Q

Why do we conduct a sentinel node biopsy?

A

To demonstrate lymph node spread

18
Q

What are the two lymph nodes biopsied for vulval cancer?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

Upper femoral lymph nodes

19
Q

How do we manage vulval cancer?

A

Surgical local excision

This may be accompanied by groin lymph node dissection of the inguinal and/or upper femoral lymph nodes

20
Q

How do we manage advanced vulval cancer?

A

Radiotherapy or chemotherapy may accompany surgery either neoadjuvantly or adjuvantly

Year Three - Reproductive System (52 decks)

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