Vsd Flashcards
What is cardiomegaly?
Enlargement of the heart, often affecting the left side.
What does increased pulmonary vascular markings indicate?
May indicate pulmonary plethora or a chest infection.
What is myosinopathy?
A condition affecting the heart muscle, detectable by 2-3 months of age.
How can echocardiography help in heart disease?
It can detect disease, size of defects, and assess cardiac function.
What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
A hole in the wall dividing the left and right ventricles.
What are the types of VSD?
Membranous (80%) and muscular (may be single or multiple).
What is the incidence of VSD?
It is the most common congenital heart disease (25-30%).
What factors affect the hemodynamics of VSD?
Size of the VSD and pulmonary vascular resistance.
What are the effects of a left-to-right shunt in VSD?
Volume overload on the left ventricle and pulmonary hypertension.
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
A condition where shunt reversal causes cyanosis due to pulmonary hypertension.
What are the symptoms of small VSDs?
Often asymptomatic, may have a nonspecific murmur.
What is the treatment for small VSDs?
Usually no treatment needed; spontaneous closure may occur.
What is the risk for patients with small VSDs?
Risk of infective endocarditis; prophylaxis may be needed.
What are the symptoms of large VSDs?
Heart failure, poor growth, and frequent respiratory infections.
What is the treatment for large VSDs?
Surgical closure or device closure via catheter.
What is the prognosis for small VSDs?
30% may close spontaneously.
What is the prognosis for large VSDs?
Risk of heart failure and Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated.
What is the role of cardiac catheterization in VSD?
It can measure pressures, assess contractility, and close defects.
What is the treatment for Eisenmenger syndrome?
Heart and lung transplantation may be required.
What is the importance of antibiotic prophylaxis in VSD?
Prevents infective endocarditis before surgeries or dental procedures.
What are the complications of VSD?
Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and infective endocarditis.
What is the significance of pulmonary artery banding?
It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in multiple VSDs.
What is the role of diuretics in heart failure?
They help reduce fluid overload and symptoms of heart failure.
What is the role of oxygen therapy in heart failure?
It helps improve oxygenation and reduce workload on the heart.
What is the significance of a systolic thrill in VSD?
It may indicate a significant shunt and require further evaluation.
What is the importance of routine examination in VSD?
It can help detect asymptomatic VSDs early.
What is the role of echocardiography in VSD diagnosis?
It provides detailed images of the heart structure and function.
What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension in VSD?
It indicates increased pressure in the lungs, which can lead to complications.
What is the role of surgical closure in VSD?
It is used for large defects that cause significant symptoms.
What is the role of device closure in VSD?
It is a less invasive method to close defects using a catheter.
What is the significance of infective endocarditis in VSD?
It is a serious infection that can damage heart valves and tissues.
What is the role of antibiotics in treating chest infections in VSD?
They help treat and prevent bacterial infections in the lungs.
What is the significance of rest in heart failure treatment?
It helps reduce the workload on the heart and improve symptoms.
What is the role of suction in treating chest infections?
It helps clear secretions from the airways to improve breathing.
What is the significance of pulmonary vascular resistance in VSD?
It affects the amount of blood shunted from the left to the right ventricle.
What is the role of oxygen in treating pulmonary hypertension?
It helps reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve oxygenation.
What is the significance of cardiac dilatation in VSD?
It indicates volume overload and potential heart failure.
What is the role of contractility assessment in VSD?
It helps determine the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.
What is the significance of associated defects in VSD?
They can complicate the condition and affect treatment options.
What is the role of vasoactive substances in VSD?
They can affect blood pressure and vascular resistance, impacting shunt flow.
What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis?
It prevents serious infections in patients with heart defects.
What is the role of diuretics in managing pulmonary hypertension?
They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.
What is the significance of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections?
They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.
What is the role of oxygen therapy in managing heart failure?
It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.
What is the significance of surgical treatment in large VSDs?
It is necessary to prevent complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
What is the role of pulmonary artery banding in VSD treatment?
It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in cases of multiple VSDs.
What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in VSD?
It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.
What is the role of heart and lung transplantation in severe VSD?
It is a last resort for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension.
What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis in VSD?
It is crucial for preventing serious infections in patients with heart defects.
What is the role of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?
They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.
What is the significance of heart failure in VSD?
It is a common complication that requires prompt treatment.
What is the role of diuretics in managing heart failure in VSD?
They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.
What is the significance of oxygen therapy in VSD management?
It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.
What is the role of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections in VSD?
They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.
What is the significance of surgical treatment in VSD?
It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms.
What is the significance of surgical treatment in VSD?
It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms or complications.
What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in VSD prognosis?
It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.
