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Cardio > Vsd > Flashcards

Vsd Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the heart, often affecting the left side.

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2
Q

What does increased pulmonary vascular markings indicate?

A

May indicate pulmonary plethora or a chest infection.

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3
Q

What is myosinopathy?

A

A condition affecting the heart muscle, detectable by 2-3 months of age.

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4
Q

How can echocardiography help in heart disease?

A

It can detect disease, size of defects, and assess cardiac function.

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5
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A

A hole in the wall dividing the left and right ventricles.

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6
Q

What are the types of VSD?

A

Membranous (80%) and muscular (may be single or multiple).

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7
Q

What is the incidence of VSD?

A

It is the most common congenital heart disease (25-30%).

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8
Q

What factors affect the hemodynamics of VSD?

A

Size of the VSD and pulmonary vascular resistance.

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9
Q

What are the effects of a left-to-right shunt in VSD?

A

Volume overload on the left ventricle and pulmonary hypertension.

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10
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

A condition where shunt reversal causes cyanosis due to pulmonary hypertension.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of small VSDs?

A

Often asymptomatic, may have a nonspecific murmur.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for small VSDs?

A

Usually no treatment needed; spontaneous closure may occur.

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13
Q

What is the risk for patients with small VSDs?

A

Risk of infective endocarditis; prophylaxis may be needed.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of large VSDs?

A

Heart failure, poor growth, and frequent respiratory infections.

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15
Q

What is the treatment for large VSDs?

A

Surgical closure or device closure via catheter.

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16
Q

What is the prognosis for small VSDs?

A

30% may close spontaneously.

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17
Q

What is the prognosis for large VSDs?

A

Risk of heart failure and Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated.

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18
Q

What is the role of cardiac catheterization in VSD?

A

It can measure pressures, assess contractility, and close defects.

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19
Q

What is the treatment for Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

Heart and lung transplantation may be required.

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20
Q

What is the importance of antibiotic prophylaxis in VSD?

A

Prevents infective endocarditis before surgeries or dental procedures.

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21
Q

What are the complications of VSD?

A

Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and infective endocarditis.

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22
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary artery banding?

A

It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in multiple VSDs.

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23
Q

What is the role of diuretics in heart failure?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and symptoms of heart failure.

24
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in heart failure?

A

It helps improve oxygenation and reduce workload on the heart.

25
Q

What is the significance of a systolic thrill in VSD?

A

It may indicate a significant shunt and require further evaluation.

26
Q

What is the importance of routine examination in VSD?

A

It can help detect asymptomatic VSDs early.

27
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in VSD diagnosis?

A

It provides detailed images of the heart structure and function.

28
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension in VSD?

A

It indicates increased pressure in the lungs, which can lead to complications.

29
Q

What is the role of surgical closure in VSD?

A

It is used for large defects that cause significant symptoms.

30
Q

What is the role of device closure in VSD?

A

It is a less invasive method to close defects using a catheter.

31
Q

What is the significance of infective endocarditis in VSD?

A

It is a serious infection that can damage heart valves and tissues.

32
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in treating chest infections in VSD?

A

They help treat and prevent bacterial infections in the lungs.

33
Q

What is the significance of rest in heart failure treatment?

A

It helps reduce the workload on the heart and improve symptoms.

34
Q

What is the role of suction in treating chest infections?

A

It helps clear secretions from the airways to improve breathing.

35
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary vascular resistance in VSD?

A

It affects the amount of blood shunted from the left to the right ventricle.

36
Q

What is the role of oxygen in treating pulmonary hypertension?

A

It helps reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve oxygenation.

37
Q

What is the significance of cardiac dilatation in VSD?

A

It indicates volume overload and potential heart failure.

38
Q

What is the role of contractility assessment in VSD?

A

It helps determine the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.

39
Q

What is the significance of associated defects in VSD?

A

They can complicate the condition and affect treatment options.

40
Q

What is the role of vasoactive substances in VSD?

A

They can affect blood pressure and vascular resistance, impacting shunt flow.

41
Q

What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis?

A

It prevents serious infections in patients with heart defects.

42
Q

What is the role of diuretics in managing pulmonary hypertension?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.

43
Q

What is the significance of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections?

A

They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.

44
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in managing heart failure?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

45
Q

What is the significance of surgical treatment in large VSDs?

A

It is necessary to prevent complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

46
Q

What is the role of pulmonary artery banding in VSD treatment?

A

It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in cases of multiple VSDs.

47
Q

What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in VSD?

A

It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.

48
Q

What is the role of heart and lung transplantation in severe VSD?

A

It is a last resort for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension.

49
Q

What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis in VSD?

A

It is crucial for preventing serious infections in patients with heart defects.

50
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?

A

They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.

51
Q

What is the significance of heart failure in VSD?

A

It is a common complication that requires prompt treatment.

52
Q

What is the role of diuretics in managing heart failure in VSD?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.

53
Q

What is the significance of oxygen therapy in VSD management?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

54
Q

What is the role of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections in VSD?

A

They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.

55
Q

What is the significance of surgical treatment in VSD?

A

It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms.

56
Q

What is the significance of surgical treatment in VSD?

A

It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms or complications.

57
Q

What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in VSD prognosis?

A

It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.

Cardio (10 decks)

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