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Cardio > Asd > Flashcards

Asd Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A

A congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the septum between the atria.

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2
Q

What are the types of ASD?

A

Ostium secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus, and endocardial cushion defect.

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3
Q

What is the most common type of ASD?

A

Ostium secundum, accounting for 80% of cases.

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4
Q

Where is the ostium secundum ASD located?

A

In the upper part of the septum at the site of the fossa ovale.

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5
Q

What is the significance of ostium primum ASD?

A

It is more severe and often associated with mitral regurgitation.

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6
Q

What is the location of ostium primum ASD?

A

In the lower part of the septum.

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7
Q

What is sinus venosus ASD?

A

A defect near the opening of the superior vena cava.

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8
Q

What is endocardial cushion defect?

A

A defect in the middle of the heart, often associated with Down syndrome.

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9
Q

What are the hemodynamic effects of ASD?

A

Blood shunts from the left atrium to the right atrium, causing increased pulmonary blood flow and right ventricular hypertrophy.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of secundum ASD?

A

Often asymptomatic, may present later with arrhythmias or heart failure.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of primum ASD?

A

Forehead sweating with feeding difficulties, fatigue, and recurrent chest infections.

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12
Q

What is a characteristic murmur in secundum ASD?

A

Wide fixed splitting of S2.

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13
Q

What is a characteristic murmur in primum ASD?

A

Soft systolic murmur propagated to the axilla, often with mitral regurgitation.

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14
Q

What are complications of ASD?

A

Heart failure, arrhythmias, recurrent chest infections, and pulmonary hypertension.

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15
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension in ASD?

A

It indicates increased pressure in the lungs, which can lead to shunt reversal and cyanosis.

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16
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome in ASD?

A

A condition where shunt reversal causes cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension.

17
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in ASD diagnosis?

A

It can detect the size and location of the defect and assess heart function.

18
Q

What is the treatment for ASD?

A

Includes medical management, surgical correction, and catheter-based interventions.

19
Q

What prophylactic measures are taken for ASD?

A

Antibiotics like amoxicillin to prevent infective endocarditis before interventions.

20
Q

What is the role of diuretics in ASD management?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and symptoms of heart failure.

21
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors in ASD treatment?

A

They help manage heart failure by reducing afterload.

22
Q

What is the significance of surgical correction in ASD?

A

It is necessary for primum ASD and complete atrioventricular canal defects.

23
Q

What is the role of catheter-based interventions in ASD?

A

They offer a less invasive method to close the defect using occlusion devices.

24
Q

What is the significance of recurrent chest infections in ASD?

A

They indicate increased pulmonary blood flow and risk of complications.

25
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in ASD management?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

26
Q

What is the significance of right ventricular hypertrophy in ASD?

A

It indicates volume overload and potential heart failure.

27
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in monitoring ASD?

A

It provides ongoing assessment of heart structure and function.

28
Q

What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis in ASD?

A

It is crucial for preventing serious infections in patients with heart defects.

29
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?

A

They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.

30
Q

What is the significance of heart failure in ASD?

A

It is a common complication that requires prompt treatment.

31
Q

What is the role of diuretics in managing heart failure in ASD?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.

32
Q

What is the significance of oxygen therapy in ASD management?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

33
Q

What is the role of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections in ASD?

A

They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.

34
Q

What is the significance of surgical treatment in ASD?

A

It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms or complications.

35
Q

What is the role of pulmonary artery banding in ASD treatment?

A

It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in cases of multiple defects.

36
Q

What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in ASD prognosis?

A

It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.

37
Q

What is the role of heart and lung transplantation in severe ASD?

A

It is a last resort for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension.

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