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Pda Flashcards

1
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

A

A condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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2
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus located?

A

It connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, just distal to the left subclavian artery.

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3
Q

What is the incidence of PDA?

A

Common in girls, congenital rubella infection, and premature newborns over 37 weeks.

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4
Q

What causes physiological closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

High oxygen tension after birth, typically within 24 hours.

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5
Q

What is considered pathological in PDA?

A

Delayed closure of the ductus arteriosus beyond 24 hours after birth.

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6
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in PDA?

A

From the aorta (higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery (lower pressure).

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7
Q

What are the effects of PDA on the heart?

A

Left atrial and left ventricular enlargement due to volume overload.

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8
Q

What are common symptoms of PDA?

A

Often asymptomatic, but may include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and recurrent chest infections.

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9
Q

What is a characteristic murmur in PDA?

A

A continuous machinery murmur at the left infraclavicular area.

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10
Q

What is the significance of a systolic thrill in PDA?

A

It may indicate a significant shunt and require further evaluation.

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11
Q

What is the risk associated with PDA?

A

Increased risk of infective endocarditis and heart failure.

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12
Q

What are general symptoms of PDA in infants?

A

Forehead sweating with suckling or feeding, fatigue, and poor growth.

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13
Q

What is hyper-dynamic circulation in PDA?

A

Increased pulse volume, water hammer pulse, and wide pulse pressure.

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14
Q

What cardiac signs are associated with PDA?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy and accentuated S2 if pulmonary hypertension is present.

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15
Q

What is the role of chest X-ray in PDA diagnosis?

A

It may show cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascular markings.

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16
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in PDA?

A

It can detect the position and size of the defect and assess heart function.

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17
Q

What is the treatment for PDA?

A

Includes medical management, surgical ligation, and catheter-based interventions.

18
Q

What prophylactic measures are taken for PDA?

A

Antibiotics like amoxicillin to prevent infective endocarditis before interventions.

19
Q

What is the role of indomethacin in PDA treatment?

A

It is a prostaglandin inhibitor used to close the duct in preterm infants.

20
Q

What is the role of prostaglandin E in PDA?

A

It can keep the ductus arteriosus patent in duct-dependent circulations.

21
Q

What are complications of PDA?

A

Heart failure, infective endocarditis, recurrent chest infections, and pulmonary hypertension.

22
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension in PDA?

A

It indicates increased pressure in the lungs, which can lead to complications.

23
Q

What is the role of diuretics in PDA management?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and symptoms of heart failure.

24
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors in PDA treatment?

A

They help manage heart failure by reducing afterload.

25
Q

What is the significance of surgical ligation in PDA?

A

It is a definitive treatment to close the ductus arteriosus.

26
Q

What is the role of catheter-based interventions in PDA?

A

They offer a less invasive method to close the duct using devices like umbrellas.

27
Q

What is the significance of recurrent chest infections in PDA?

A

They indicate increased pulmonary blood flow and risk of complications.

28
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in PDA management?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

29
Q

What is the significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in PDA?

A

It indicates volume overload and potential heart failure.

30
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in monitoring PDA?

A

It provides ongoing assessment of heart structure and function.

31
Q

What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis in PDA?

A

It is crucial for preventing serious infections in patients with heart defects.

32
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?

A

They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.

33
Q

What is the significance of heart failure in PDA?

A

It is a common complication that requires prompt treatment.

34
Q

What is the role of diuretics in managing heart failure in PDA?

A

They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.

35
Q

What is the significance of oxygen therapy in PDA management?

A

It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.

36
Q

What is the role of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections in PDA?

A

They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.

37
Q

What is the significance of surgical treatment in PDA?

A

It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms or complications.

38
Q

What is the role of pulmonary artery banding in PDA treatment?

A

It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in cases of multiple defects.

39
Q

What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in PDA prognosis?

A

It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.

40
Q

What is the role of heart and lung transplantation in severe PDA?

A

It is a last resort for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension.

41
Q

What is the purpose of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?

A

They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.

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