Pda Flashcards
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
A condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Where is the ductus arteriosus located?
It connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, just distal to the left subclavian artery.
What is the incidence of PDA?
Common in girls, congenital rubella infection, and premature newborns over 37 weeks.
What causes physiological closure of the ductus arteriosus?
High oxygen tension after birth, typically within 24 hours.
What is considered pathological in PDA?
Delayed closure of the ductus arteriosus beyond 24 hours after birth.
What is the direction of blood flow in PDA?
From the aorta (higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery (lower pressure).
What are the effects of PDA on the heart?
Left atrial and left ventricular enlargement due to volume overload.
What are common symptoms of PDA?
Often asymptomatic, but may include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and recurrent chest infections.
What is a characteristic murmur in PDA?
A continuous machinery murmur at the left infraclavicular area.
What is the significance of a systolic thrill in PDA?
It may indicate a significant shunt and require further evaluation.
What is the risk associated with PDA?
Increased risk of infective endocarditis and heart failure.
What are general symptoms of PDA in infants?
Forehead sweating with suckling or feeding, fatigue, and poor growth.
What is hyper-dynamic circulation in PDA?
Increased pulse volume, water hammer pulse, and wide pulse pressure.
What cardiac signs are associated with PDA?
Left ventricular hypertrophy and accentuated S2 if pulmonary hypertension is present.
What is the role of chest X-ray in PDA diagnosis?
It may show cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascular markings.
What is the role of echocardiography in PDA?
It can detect the position and size of the defect and assess heart function.
What is the treatment for PDA?
Includes medical management, surgical ligation, and catheter-based interventions.
What prophylactic measures are taken for PDA?
Antibiotics like amoxicillin to prevent infective endocarditis before interventions.
What is the role of indomethacin in PDA treatment?
It is a prostaglandin inhibitor used to close the duct in preterm infants.
What is the role of prostaglandin E in PDA?
It can keep the ductus arteriosus patent in duct-dependent circulations.
What are complications of PDA?
Heart failure, infective endocarditis, recurrent chest infections, and pulmonary hypertension.
What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension in PDA?
It indicates increased pressure in the lungs, which can lead to complications.
What is the role of diuretics in PDA management?
They help reduce fluid overload and symptoms of heart failure.
What is the role of ACE inhibitors in PDA treatment?
They help manage heart failure by reducing afterload.
What is the significance of surgical ligation in PDA?
It is a definitive treatment to close the ductus arteriosus.
What is the role of catheter-based interventions in PDA?
They offer a less invasive method to close the duct using devices like umbrellas.
What is the significance of recurrent chest infections in PDA?
They indicate increased pulmonary blood flow and risk of complications.
What is the role of oxygen therapy in PDA management?
It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.
What is the significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in PDA?
It indicates volume overload and potential heart failure.
What is the role of echocardiography in monitoring PDA?
It provides ongoing assessment of heart structure and function.
What is the significance of infective endocarditis prophylaxis in PDA?
It is crucial for preventing serious infections in patients with heart defects.
What is the role of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?
They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.
What is the significance of heart failure in PDA?
It is a common complication that requires prompt treatment.
What is the role of diuretics in managing heart failure in PDA?
They help reduce fluid overload and improve symptoms.
What is the significance of oxygen therapy in PDA management?
It improves oxygenation and reduces the heart’s workload.
What is the role of proper antibiotics in treating chest infections in PDA?
They ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.
What is the significance of surgical treatment in PDA?
It is necessary for large defects causing significant symptoms or complications.
What is the role of pulmonary artery banding in PDA treatment?
It can reduce pulmonary blood flow in cases of multiple defects.
What is the significance of Eisenmenger syndrome in PDA prognosis?
It represents a severe, irreversible complication with poor prognosis.
What is the role of heart and lung transplantation in severe PDA?
It is a last resort for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension.
What is the purpose of antibiotics in preventing infective endocarditis?
They are given before certain procedures to prevent bacterial infections.
