Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio > Fo4 > Flashcards

Fo4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fallot Tetralogy?

A

A congenital heart defect with four components: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four components of Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery, restricting blood flow to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an overriding aorta?

A

The aorta is positioned over both ventricles, receiving blood from both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A

A hole in the wall separating the two ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is right ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Thickening of the right ventricular wall due to increased workload.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes cyanosis in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood due to the VSD and overriding aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is clubbing in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Enlargement of the fingertips due to chronic low oxygen levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does cyanosis typically appear in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Around 4 months of age, as pulmonary stenosis worsens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ‘Pink Fallot’?

A

A mild form of Fallot Tetralogy where cyanosis appears only during exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is cyanosis delayed in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Because pulmonary stenosis progresses gradually after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the hemodynamic effect of pulmonary stenosis in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It restricts blood flow to the lungs, causing more blood to shunt through the VSD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the VSD in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It allows blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left, leading to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the significance of an overriding aorta?

A

It receives blood from both ventricles, leading to systemic desaturation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ‘Extreme Fallot’?

A

Severe pulmonary stenosis causing cyanosis at birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of right ventricular hypertrophy in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It compensates for the increased pressure but can lead to heart failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It can increase pulmonary blood flow, temporarily improving oxygenation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Cyanosis, clubbing, and episodes of ‘tet spells’ (sudden cyanosis and breathlessness).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are ‘tet spells’?

A

Sudden episodes of cyanosis and breathlessness due to increased right-to-left shunting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Fallot Tetralogy diagnosed?

A

Through echocardiography, chest X-ray, and clinical examination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of cyanosis in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Due to right-to-left shunting through the VSD and desaturated blood entering the systemic circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the significance of infundibular pulmonary stenosis?

A

It worsens over time, increasing right ventricular pressure and shunting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It hypertrophies to overcome pulmonary stenosis but can fail under increased pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the effect of chronic hypoxia in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It leads to polycythemia, clubbing, and developmental delays.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the surgical treatment for Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Complete repair involving VSD closure and relief of pulmonary stenosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the complications of untreated Fallot Tetralogy?

A

Heart failure, arrhythmias, and developmental delays.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

They keep the PDA open, improving pulmonary blood flow in severe cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the significance of ‘warm blue hands’ in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It indicates central cyanosis due to systemic desaturation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in Fallot Tetralogy?

A

It confirms the diagnosis by visualizing the four components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the prognosis for Fallot Tetralogy after surgery?

A

Generally good, with most patients leading normal lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

An infection of the heart’s inner lining, often involving the valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the common causes of infective endocarditis?

A

Bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?

A

Fever, fatigue, and heart murmurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Janeway lesions?

A

Painless hemorrhagic lesions on the palms or soles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Osler nodes?

A

Painful nodules on the fingertips or toes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Roth spots?

A

Retinal hemorrhages with a pale center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is splinter hemorrhage?

A

Linear bleeding under the nails.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the role of blood cultures in diagnosing infective endocarditis?

A

They identify the causative organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Duke criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis?

A

A set of major and minor criteria used for diagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the treatment for infective endocarditis?

A

Long-term antibiotics and sometimes surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the major Duke criteria for infective endocarditis?

A

Positive blood cultures and evidence of endocardial involvement on echocardiography.

42
Q

What are the minor Duke criteria for infective endocarditis?

A

Fever, predisposing factors, vascular phenomena, and immunologic phenomena.

43
Q

What is the role of echocardiography in infective endocarditis?

A

To detect vegetations, abscesses, or valve damage.

44
Q

What are the complications of infective endocarditis?

A

Heart failure, embolic events, and septicemia.

45
Q

What is the significance of vegetations in infective endocarditis?

A

They are masses of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria that can embolize.

46
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in treating infective endocarditis?

A

To eradicate the infection and prevent complications.

47
Q

What is the role of surgery in infective endocarditis?

A

To remove infected tissue or replace damaged valves.

48
Q

What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?

A

Prosthetic valves, congenital heart defects, and intravenous drug use.

49
Q

What is the significance of embolic events in infective endocarditis?

A

They can cause stroke, renal infarction, or splenic infarction.

50
Q

What is the role of blood cultures in guiding treatment?

A

They help identify the causative organism and determine antibiotic sensitivity.

51
Q

What is the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis?

A

Bacteria adhere to damaged endocardium, forming vegetations that can embolize.

52
Q

What is the role of immune complex deposition in infective endocarditis?

A

It causes symptoms like glomerulonephritis and skin lesions.

53
Q

What is the significance of trans-esophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis?

A

It provides better visualization of vegetations and abscesses.

54
Q

What is the role of prophylactic antibiotics in infective endocarditis?

A

To prevent infection in high-risk patients undergoing dental or surgical procedures.

55
Q

What is the significance of large vegetations (>10 mm) in infective endocarditis?

A

They are associated with a higher risk of embolization.

56
Q

What is the role of CT scans in infective endocarditis?

A

To detect embolic events like brain abscesses or infarctions.

57
Q

What is the role of fundoscopy in infective endocarditis?

A

To identify Roth spots or retinal hemorrhages.

58
Q

What is the role of chest radiography in infective endocarditis?

A

To detect pulmonary emboli or infiltrates.

59
Q

What is the role of abdominal ultrasound in infective endocarditis?

A

To detect splenic or renal infarctions.

60
Q

What is the role of Doppler ultrasound in infective endocarditis?

A

To detect vascular obstructions.

61
Q

What is the normal oxygen saturation level?

A

95-100%.

62
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increase in red blood cell count, often due to chronic hypoxia.

63
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

An abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, often due to valve issues.

64
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

65
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

66
Q

What is the normal heart rate for adults?

A

60-100 beats per minute.

67
Q

What is the role of the ventricles in the heart?

A

To pump blood to the lungs (right ventricle) and the body (left ventricle).

68
Q

What is the role of the atria in the heart?

A

To receive blood from the body (right atrium) and the lungs (left atrium).

69
Q

What is the role of the mitral valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

70
Q

What is the role of the tricuspid valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

71
Q

What is the significance of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

It allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation but should close after birth.

72
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in maintaining a PDA?

A

They keep the PDA open, which can be beneficial in certain congenital heart defects.

73
Q

What is the role of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

A

It allows blood to bypass the lungs by shunting from the right atrium to the left atrium.

74
Q

What is the significance of a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A

It allows blood to shunt between the ventricles, leading to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

75
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

76
Q

What is the role of the aortic valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.

77
Q

What is the significance of right ventricular hypertrophy?

A

It indicates increased pressure in the right ventricle, often due to pulmonary stenosis.

78
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

79
Q

What is the significance of a heart transplant?

A

It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.

80
Q

What is the role of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

To measure the electrical activity of the heart and diagnose arrhythmias.

81
Q

What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

A

The heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, leading to fluid buildup and organ dysfunction.

82
Q

What is the role of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?

A

They are released in response to increased heart pressure and help regulate fluid balance.

83
Q

What is the significance of ejection fraction in heart failure?

A

It measures the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

84
Q

What is the role of beta-blockers in heart failure?

A

They reduce heart rate and blood pressure, improving heart function.

85
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure?

A

They reduce blood pressure and decrease the workload on the heart.

86
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary hypertension?

A

It increases pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure.

87
Q

What is the role of diuretics in heart failure?

A

They reduce fluid buildup by increasing urine output.

88
Q

What is the significance of cardiac output?

A

It measures the amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute.

89
Q

What is the significance of cardiac output?

A

It measures the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.

90
Q

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart failure?

A

It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance but can worsen heart failure if overactive.

91
Q

What is the significance of a myocardial infarction?

A

It is a heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

92
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

It is the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.

93
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

It delays electrical impulses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.

94
Q

What is the role of the bundle of His?

A

It conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

95
Q

What is the role of the Purkinje fibers?

A

They distribute electrical impulses throughout the ventricles.

96
Q

What is the significance of an arrhythmia?

A

It is an abnormal heart rhythm that can affect heart function.

97
Q

What is the role of defibrillation in treating arrhythmias?

A

It delivers an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm.

98
Q

What is the role of anticoagulants in heart disease?

A

They prevent blood clots, reducing the risk of stroke or heart attack.

99
Q

What is the significance of cholesterol in heart disease?

A

High levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease.

100
Q

What is the role of statins in heart disease?

A

They lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

101
Q

What is the significance of a healthy diet in preventing heart disease?

A

It reduces risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity.

Cardio (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions