Hf Flashcards
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs.
What are the two main types of heart failure?
Systolic (pump failure) and diastolic (filling failure).
What is systolic heart failure?
The heart cannot contract effectively, leading to reduced ejection fraction.
What is diastolic heart failure?
The heart cannot relax properly, leading to impaired filling.
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Heart failure accompanied by fluid buildup in the lungs, abdomen, or limbs.
What are the symptoms of left ventricular failure (LVF)?
Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough.
What are the symptoms of right ventricular failure (RVF)?
Jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema.
What is orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing while lying flat, relieved by sitting up.
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?
Sudden episodes of breathlessness at night, often waking the patient.
What is jugular venous distension (JVD)?
Visible bulging of the neck veins due to increased venous pressure.
What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?
The heart cannot pump enough blood, leading to fluid buildup and organ dysfunction.
What is the role of preload in heart failure?
Increased preload (volume overload) worsens heart failure by stretching the heart muscle.
What is the role of afterload in heart failure?
Increased afterload (pressure overload) makes it harder for the heart to pump blood.
What is the significance of the ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure?
It measures the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
What is the role of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?
They are released in response to increased heart pressure and help regulate fluid balance.
What is the significance of the NYHA classification in heart failure?
It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms and functional limitations.
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart failure?
It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance but can worsen heart failure if overactive.
What is the significance of pulmonary edema in heart failure?
It is a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, causing severe dyspnea.
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in heart failure?
It increases heart rate and contractility but can worsen heart failure over time.
What is the significance of cardiogenic shock in heart failure?
It is a severe form of heart failure where the heart cannot pump enough blood to vital organs.
What is the role of the Frank-Starling mechanism in heart failure?
It describes how the heart increases its output in response to increased filling pressure.
What is the significance of the BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure?
It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.
What is the role of myocardial remodeling in heart failure?
It refers to structural changes in the heart that worsen its function over time.
What is the significance of the ‘cardiac asthma’ in heart failure?
It refers to wheezing and dyspnea caused by pulmonary congestion.
What is the role of the left atrial pressure in heart failure?
Increased left atrial pressure leads to pulmonary congestion and edema.
What is the significance of the ‘third heart sound’ (S3) in heart failure?
It indicates increased ventricular filling pressure and is a sign of heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘fourth heart sound’ (S4) in heart failure?
It indicates decreased ventricular compliance and is a sign of diastolic dysfunction.
What is the significance of the ‘gallop rhythm’ in heart failure?
It is the presence of both S3 and S4, indicating severe heart failure.
What is the role of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in heart failure?
It measures the pressure in the left atrium and is used to assess pulmonary congestion.
What is the significance of the ‘cardiothoracic ratio’ in heart failure?
It measures the size of the heart on a chest X-ray and is increased in heart failure.
What is pulmonary congestion?
Fluid buildup in the lungs due to increased left atrial pressure.
What are the symptoms of pulmonary congestion?
Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, and frothy pink sputum.
What is systemic congestion?
Fluid buildup in the body due to increased right atrial pressure.
What are the symptoms of systemic congestion?
Jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema.
What is the significance of hepatomegaly in systemic congestion?
It indicates increased venous pressure and fluid buildup in the liver.
What is the significance of ascites in systemic congestion?
It indicates fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity due to increased venous pressure.
What is the significance of peripheral edema in systemic congestion?
It indicates fluid buildup in the limbs due to increased venous pressure.
What is the role of the jugular venous pressure (JVP) in systemic congestion?
It measures the pressure in the right atrium and is increased in systemic congestion.
What is the significance of the ‘hepatojugular reflux’ in systemic congestion?
It indicates increased right atrial pressure and is a sign of systemic congestion.
What is the role of the ‘Kussmaul’s sign’ in systemic congestion?
It is the paradoxical rise in JVP during inspiration, seen in constrictive pericarditis.
What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema?
Increased left atrial pressure leads to fluid leakage into the alveoli, causing dyspnea.
What is the role of the ‘crackles’ in pulmonary congestion?
They are abnormal lung sounds caused by fluid in the alveoli.
What is the significance of the ‘frothy pink sputum’ in pulmonary edema?
It indicates severe pulmonary congestion and alveolar fluid leakage.
What is the role of the ‘orthopnea’ in pulmonary congestion?
It indicates increased left atrial pressure when lying flat.
What is the significance of the ‘paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea’ in pulmonary congestion?
It indicates severe pulmonary congestion and fluid redistribution at night.
What is the role of the ‘Cheyne-Stokes respiration’ in heart failure?
It is a pattern of irregular breathing seen in severe heart failure.
What is the significance of the ‘pulsus alternans’ in heart failure?
It is the alternation of strong and weak pulses, indicating severe heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘S3 gallop’ in heart failure?
It indicates increased ventricular filling pressure and is a sign of heart failure.
What is the significance of the ‘S4 gallop’ in heart failure?
It indicates decreased ventricular compliance and is a sign of diastolic dysfunction.
What is the role of the ‘cardiomegaly’ in heart failure?
It indicates an enlarged heart due to increased workload and fluid overload.
What is the first-line treatment for heart failure?
ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.
What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure?
They reduce afterload and improve cardiac output.
What is the role of beta-blockers in heart failure?
They reduce heart rate and improve cardiac function.
What is the role of diuretics in heart failure?
They reduce fluid buildup and relieve symptoms of congestion.
What is the role of digoxin in heart failure?
It increases cardiac contractility and reduces heart rate.
What is the role of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure?
They reduce fluid retention and improve survival.
What is the role of nitrates in heart failure?
They reduce preload and relieve symptoms of pulmonary congestion.
What is the role of hydralazine in heart failure?
It reduces afterload and improves cardiac output.
What is the role of oxygen therapy in heart failure?
It improves oxygenation in patients with pulmonary congestion.
What is the role of sodium restriction in heart failure?
It reduces fluid retention and relieves symptoms of congestion.
What is the role of ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) in heart failure?
They are an alternative to ACE inhibitors for reducing afterload.
What is the role of ivabradine in heart failure?
It reduces heart rate and improves cardiac function.
What is the role of sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure?
It is an ARNI (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) that improves survival.
What is the role of inotropes in heart failure?
They increase cardiac contractility in acute heart failure.
What is the role of vasodilators in heart failure?
They reduce preload and afterload, improving cardiac output.
What is the role of mechanical ventilation in heart failure?
It supports breathing in severe pulmonary edema.
What is the role of ultrafiltration in heart failure?
It removes excess fluid in patients with refractory congestion.
What is the role of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure?
It improves cardiac function in patients with dyssynchrony.
What is the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in heart failure?
They prevent sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients.
What is the role of heart transplantation in heart failure?
It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘6-minute walk test’ in heart failure?
It assesses functional capacity and response to treatment.
What is the role of the ‘cardiopulmonary exercise test’ in heart failure?
It measures peak oxygen consumption and assesses prognosis.
What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?
It predicts survival in heart failure patients.
What is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure?
It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?
It predicts survival in patients with advanced heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘Seattle Heart Failure Model’ in heart failure?
It predicts survival and guides treatment decisions.
What is the role of the ‘MAGGIC risk score’ in heart failure?
It predicts mortality in patients with heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘NT-proBNP’ in heart failure?
It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘cardiac MRI’ in heart failure?
It assesses myocardial structure and function.
What is the role of the ‘endomyocardial biopsy’ in heart failure?
It diagnoses specific causes of heart failure, such as myocarditis.
What is the role of the ‘pulmonary artery catheter’ in heart failure?
It measures hemodynamic parameters and guides treatment.
What is the role of the ‘left ventricular assist device’ (LVAD) in heart failure?
It supports cardiac function in patients awaiting transplantation.
What is the normal ejection fraction (EF)?
55-70%.
What is the significance of a reduced ejection fraction (EF)?
It indicates systolic heart failure.
What is the significance of a preserved ejection fraction (EF)?
It indicates diastolic heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘NYHA classification’ in heart failure?
It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms.
What is the role of the ‘Killip classification’ in heart failure?
It grades the severity of acute heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘ACC/AHA stages’ in heart failure?
They classify heart failure based on structural changes and symptoms.
What is the role of the ‘MAGGIC risk score’ in heart failure?
It predicts mortality in patients with heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘NT-proBNP’ in heart failure?
It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘cardiac MRI’ in heart failure?
It assesses myocardial structure and function.
What is the role of the ‘endomyocardial biopsy’ in heart failure?
It diagnoses specific causes of heart failure, such as myocarditis.
What is the role of the ‘pulmonary artery catheter’ in heart failure?
It measures hemodynamic parameters and guides treatment.
What is the role of the ‘left ventricular assist device’ (LVAD) in heart failure?
It supports cardiac function in patients awaiting transplantation.
What is the role of the ‘cardiac resynchronization therapy’ (CRT) in heart failure?
It improves cardiac function in patients with dyssynchrony.
What is the role of the ‘implantable cardioverter-defibrillator’ (ICD) in heart failure?
It prevents sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients.
What is the role of the ‘heart transplantation’ in heart failure?
It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘ultrafiltration’ in heart failure?
It removes excess fluid in patients with refractory congestion.
What is the role of the ‘6-minute walk test’ in heart failure?
It assesses functional capacity and response to treatment.
What is the role of the ‘cardiopulmonary exercise test’ in heart failure?
It measures peak oxygen consumption and assesses prognosis.
What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?
It predicts survival in patients with advanced heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘Seattle Heart Failure Model’ in heart failure?
It predicts survival and guides treatment decisions.
What is the role of the ‘NYHA classification’ in heart failure?
It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms.
What is the role of the ‘Killip classification’ in heart failure?
It grades the severity of acute heart failure.
What is the role of the ‘ACC/AHA stages’ in heart failure?
They classify heart failure based on structural changes and symptoms.
