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Hf Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of heart failure?

A

Systolic (pump failure) and diastolic (filling failure).

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3
Q

What is systolic heart failure?

A

The heart cannot contract effectively, leading to reduced ejection fraction.

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4
Q

What is diastolic heart failure?

A

The heart cannot relax properly, leading to impaired filling.

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5
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

Heart failure accompanied by fluid buildup in the lungs, abdomen, or limbs.

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of left ventricular failure (LVF)?

A

Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of right ventricular failure (RVF)?

A

Jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema.

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8
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Difficulty breathing while lying flat, relieved by sitting up.

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9
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?

A

Sudden episodes of breathlessness at night, often waking the patient.

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10
Q

What is jugular venous distension (JVD)?

A

Visible bulging of the neck veins due to increased venous pressure.

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11
Q

What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

A

The heart cannot pump enough blood, leading to fluid buildup and organ dysfunction.

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12
Q

What is the role of preload in heart failure?

A

Increased preload (volume overload) worsens heart failure by stretching the heart muscle.

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13
Q

What is the role of afterload in heart failure?

A

Increased afterload (pressure overload) makes it harder for the heart to pump blood.

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14
Q

What is the significance of the ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure?

A

It measures the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

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15
Q

What is the role of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?

A

They are released in response to increased heart pressure and help regulate fluid balance.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the NYHA classification in heart failure?

A

It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms and functional limitations.

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17
Q

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart failure?

A

It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance but can worsen heart failure if overactive.

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18
Q

What is the significance of pulmonary edema in heart failure?

A

It is a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, causing severe dyspnea.

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19
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in heart failure?

A

It increases heart rate and contractility but can worsen heart failure over time.

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20
Q

What is the significance of cardiogenic shock in heart failure?

A

It is a severe form of heart failure where the heart cannot pump enough blood to vital organs.

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21
Q

What is the role of the Frank-Starling mechanism in heart failure?

A

It describes how the heart increases its output in response to increased filling pressure.

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22
Q

What is the significance of the BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure?

A

It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.

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23
Q

What is the role of myocardial remodeling in heart failure?

A

It refers to structural changes in the heart that worsen its function over time.

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24
Q

What is the significance of the ‘cardiac asthma’ in heart failure?

A

It refers to wheezing and dyspnea caused by pulmonary congestion.

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25
Q

What is the role of the left atrial pressure in heart failure?

A

Increased left atrial pressure leads to pulmonary congestion and edema.

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26
Q

What is the significance of the ‘third heart sound’ (S3) in heart failure?

A

It indicates increased ventricular filling pressure and is a sign of heart failure.

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27
Q

What is the role of the ‘fourth heart sound’ (S4) in heart failure?

A

It indicates decreased ventricular compliance and is a sign of diastolic dysfunction.

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28
Q

What is the significance of the ‘gallop rhythm’ in heart failure?

A

It is the presence of both S3 and S4, indicating severe heart failure.

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29
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in heart failure?

A

It measures the pressure in the left atrium and is used to assess pulmonary congestion.

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30
Q

What is the significance of the ‘cardiothoracic ratio’ in heart failure?

A

It measures the size of the heart on a chest X-ray and is increased in heart failure.

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31
Q

What is pulmonary congestion?

A

Fluid buildup in the lungs due to increased left atrial pressure.

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary congestion?

A

Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, and frothy pink sputum.

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33
Q

What is systemic congestion?

A

Fluid buildup in the body due to increased right atrial pressure.

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34
Q

What are the symptoms of systemic congestion?

A

Jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema.

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35
Q

What is the significance of hepatomegaly in systemic congestion?

A

It indicates increased venous pressure and fluid buildup in the liver.

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36
Q

What is the significance of ascites in systemic congestion?

A

It indicates fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity due to increased venous pressure.

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37
Q

What is the significance of peripheral edema in systemic congestion?

A

It indicates fluid buildup in the limbs due to increased venous pressure.

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38
Q

What is the role of the jugular venous pressure (JVP) in systemic congestion?

A

It measures the pressure in the right atrium and is increased in systemic congestion.

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39
Q

What is the significance of the ‘hepatojugular reflux’ in systemic congestion?

A

It indicates increased right atrial pressure and is a sign of systemic congestion.

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40
Q

What is the role of the ‘Kussmaul’s sign’ in systemic congestion?

A

It is the paradoxical rise in JVP during inspiration, seen in constrictive pericarditis.

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41
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema?

A

Increased left atrial pressure leads to fluid leakage into the alveoli, causing dyspnea.

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42
Q

What is the role of the ‘crackles’ in pulmonary congestion?

A

They are abnormal lung sounds caused by fluid in the alveoli.

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43
Q

What is the significance of the ‘frothy pink sputum’ in pulmonary edema?

A

It indicates severe pulmonary congestion and alveolar fluid leakage.

44
Q

What is the role of the ‘orthopnea’ in pulmonary congestion?

A

It indicates increased left atrial pressure when lying flat.

45
Q

What is the significance of the ‘paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea’ in pulmonary congestion?

A

It indicates severe pulmonary congestion and fluid redistribution at night.

46
Q

What is the role of the ‘Cheyne-Stokes respiration’ in heart failure?

A

It is a pattern of irregular breathing seen in severe heart failure.

47
Q

What is the significance of the ‘pulsus alternans’ in heart failure?

A

It is the alternation of strong and weak pulses, indicating severe heart failure.

48
Q

What is the role of the ‘S3 gallop’ in heart failure?

A

It indicates increased ventricular filling pressure and is a sign of heart failure.

49
Q

What is the significance of the ‘S4 gallop’ in heart failure?

A

It indicates decreased ventricular compliance and is a sign of diastolic dysfunction.

50
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiomegaly’ in heart failure?

A

It indicates an enlarged heart due to increased workload and fluid overload.

51
Q

What is the first-line treatment for heart failure?

A

ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.

52
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure?

A

They reduce afterload and improve cardiac output.

53
Q

What is the role of beta-blockers in heart failure?

A

They reduce heart rate and improve cardiac function.

54
Q

What is the role of diuretics in heart failure?

A

They reduce fluid buildup and relieve symptoms of congestion.

55
Q

What is the role of digoxin in heart failure?

A

It increases cardiac contractility and reduces heart rate.

56
Q

What is the role of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure?

A

They reduce fluid retention and improve survival.

57
Q

What is the role of nitrates in heart failure?

A

They reduce preload and relieve symptoms of pulmonary congestion.

58
Q

What is the role of hydralazine in heart failure?

A

It reduces afterload and improves cardiac output.

59
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in heart failure?

A

It improves oxygenation in patients with pulmonary congestion.

60
Q

What is the role of sodium restriction in heart failure?

A

It reduces fluid retention and relieves symptoms of congestion.

61
Q

What is the role of ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) in heart failure?

A

They are an alternative to ACE inhibitors for reducing afterload.

62
Q

What is the role of ivabradine in heart failure?

A

It reduces heart rate and improves cardiac function.

63
Q

What is the role of sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure?

A

It is an ARNI (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) that improves survival.

64
Q

What is the role of inotropes in heart failure?

A

They increase cardiac contractility in acute heart failure.

65
Q

What is the role of vasodilators in heart failure?

A

They reduce preload and afterload, improving cardiac output.

66
Q

What is the role of mechanical ventilation in heart failure?

A

It supports breathing in severe pulmonary edema.

67
Q

What is the role of ultrafiltration in heart failure?

A

It removes excess fluid in patients with refractory congestion.

68
Q

What is the role of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure?

A

It improves cardiac function in patients with dyssynchrony.

69
Q

What is the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in heart failure?

A

They prevent sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients.

70
Q

What is the role of heart transplantation in heart failure?

A

It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.

71
Q

What is the role of the ‘6-minute walk test’ in heart failure?

A

It assesses functional capacity and response to treatment.

72
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiopulmonary exercise test’ in heart failure?

A

It measures peak oxygen consumption and assesses prognosis.

73
Q

What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts survival in heart failure patients.

74
Q

What is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure?

A

It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.

75
Q

What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts survival in patients with advanced heart failure.

76
Q

What is the role of the ‘Seattle Heart Failure Model’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts survival and guides treatment decisions.

77
Q

What is the role of the ‘MAGGIC risk score’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts mortality in patients with heart failure.

78
Q

What is the role of the ‘NT-proBNP’ in heart failure?

A

It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.

79
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiac MRI’ in heart failure?

A

It assesses myocardial structure and function.

80
Q

What is the role of the ‘endomyocardial biopsy’ in heart failure?

A

It diagnoses specific causes of heart failure, such as myocarditis.

81
Q

What is the role of the ‘pulmonary artery catheter’ in heart failure?

A

It measures hemodynamic parameters and guides treatment.

82
Q

What is the role of the ‘left ventricular assist device’ (LVAD) in heart failure?

A

It supports cardiac function in patients awaiting transplantation.

83
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction (EF)?

A

55-70%.

84
Q

What is the significance of a reduced ejection fraction (EF)?

A

It indicates systolic heart failure.

85
Q

What is the significance of a preserved ejection fraction (EF)?

A

It indicates diastolic heart failure.

86
Q

What is the role of the ‘NYHA classification’ in heart failure?

A

It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms.

87
Q

What is the role of the ‘Killip classification’ in heart failure?

A

It grades the severity of acute heart failure.

88
Q

What is the role of the ‘ACC/AHA stages’ in heart failure?

A

They classify heart failure based on structural changes and symptoms.

89
Q

What is the role of the ‘MAGGIC risk score’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts mortality in patients with heart failure.

90
Q

What is the role of the ‘NT-proBNP’ in heart failure?

A

It is a biomarker used to diagnose and assess the severity of heart failure.

91
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiac MRI’ in heart failure?

A

It assesses myocardial structure and function.

92
Q

What is the role of the ‘endomyocardial biopsy’ in heart failure?

A

It diagnoses specific causes of heart failure, such as myocarditis.

93
Q

What is the role of the ‘pulmonary artery catheter’ in heart failure?

A

It measures hemodynamic parameters and guides treatment.

94
Q

What is the role of the ‘left ventricular assist device’ (LVAD) in heart failure?

A

It supports cardiac function in patients awaiting transplantation.

95
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiac resynchronization therapy’ (CRT) in heart failure?

A

It improves cardiac function in patients with dyssynchrony.

96
Q

What is the role of the ‘implantable cardioverter-defibrillator’ (ICD) in heart failure?

A

It prevents sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients.

97
Q

What is the role of the ‘heart transplantation’ in heart failure?

A

It is a treatment option for end-stage heart failure.

98
Q

What is the role of the ‘ultrafiltration’ in heart failure?

A

It removes excess fluid in patients with refractory congestion.

99
Q

What is the role of the ‘6-minute walk test’ in heart failure?

A

It assesses functional capacity and response to treatment.

100
Q

What is the role of the ‘cardiopulmonary exercise test’ in heart failure?

A

It measures peak oxygen consumption and assesses prognosis.

101
Q

What is the role of the ‘heart failure survival score’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts survival in patients with advanced heart failure.

102
Q

What is the role of the ‘Seattle Heart Failure Model’ in heart failure?

A

It predicts survival and guides treatment decisions.

103
Q

What is the role of the ‘NYHA classification’ in heart failure?

A

It grades the severity of heart failure based on symptoms.

104
Q

What is the role of the ‘Killip classification’ in heart failure?

A

It grades the severity of acute heart failure.

105
Q

What is the role of the ‘ACC/AHA stages’ in heart failure?

A

They classify heart failure based on structural changes and symptoms.

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